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Naturalis Historia (Latin for Natural History) is an encyclopedia published circa AD 77-79 by Pliny the Elder. It is one of the largest single works to have survived from the Roman empire to the modern day and purports to cover the entire field of ancient knowledge, based on the best authorities available to Pliny. The work became a model for all later encyclopedias in terms of the breadth of subject matter examined, the need to reference original authors, and a comprehensive index list of the contents. The scheme of his great work is vast and comprehensive, being nothing short of an encyclopedia of learning and of art so far as they are connected with nature or draw their materials from nature. The work divides neatly into the organic world of plants and animals, and the realm of inorganic matter, although there are frequent digressions in each section. He is especially interested in not just describing the occurrence of plants, animals and insects, but also their exploitation (or abuse) by man, especially Romans. The description of metals and minerals is particularly detailed, and valuable for the history of science as being the m...

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Ancient Texts, Classics (antiquity), Instruction, Nature

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Excerpt: THE PREFACE; If ever the story of any private Man?s Adventures in the World were worth making Publick, and were acceptable when Publish?d, the Editor of this Account thinks this will be so. The Wonders of this Man?s Life exceed all that (he thinks)is to be found extant; the Life of one Man being scarce capable of a greater Variety. The Story is told with Modesty, with Seriousness, and with a religious Application of Events to the Uses to which wise Men always apply them (viz.) to the Instruction of others by this Example, and to justify and honour the Wisdom of Providence in all the Variety of our Circumstances, let them happen how they will. The Editor believes the thing to be a just History of Fact; neither is there any Appearance of Fiction in it: And however thinks, because all such things are dispatch?d, that the Improvement of it, as well to the Diversion, as to the Instruction of the Reader, will be the same; and as such, he thinks, without father Compliment to the World, he does them a great Service in the Publication....

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Table of Contents: THE PREFACE, 1 -- THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF ROBINSON CRUSOE, &c., 2 -- THE JOURNAL., 51

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The golden section is a line segment sectioned into two according to the golden ratio. The total length a+b is to the longer segment a as a is to the shorter segment b. In mathematics and the arts, two quantities are in the golden ratio if the ratio between the sum of those quantities and the larger one is the same as the ratio between the larger one and the smaller. The golden ratio is a mathematical constant, approximately 1.6180339887.... At least since the Renaissance, many artists and architects have proportioned their works to approximate the golden ratio—especially in the form of the golden rectangle, in which the ratio of the longer side to the shorter is the golden ratio—believing this proportion to be aesthetically pleasing. Mathematicians have studied the golden ratio because of its unique and interesting properties. (From Wikipedia)...

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Science

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Excerpt: Preface By Way Of Criticism. These studies are collected from the monthly press. One appeared in the New Quarterly, one in MacMillan?s, and the rest in the Cornhill Magazine. To the Cornhill I owe a double debt of thanks; first, that I was received there in the very best society, and under the eye of the very best of editors; and second, that the proprietors have allowed me to republish so considerable an amount of copy....

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Contents PREFACE BY WAY OF CRITICISM. ........................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER I ? VICTOR HUGO?S ROMANCES ........................................................................ 15 CHAPTER II ? SOME ASPECTS OF ROBERT BURNS.......................................................... 34 CHAPTER III ? WALT WHITMAN............................................................................................. 63 CHAPTER IV ? HENRY DAVID THOREAU: HIS CHARACTER AND OPINIONS........... 84 CHAPTER V ? YOSHIDA-TORAJIRO..................................................................................... 107 CHAPTER VI ? FRANCOIS VILLON, STUDENT, POET, AND HOUSEBREAKER.........117 CHAPTER VII ? CHARLES OF ORLEANS ............................................................................ 141 CHAPTER VIII ? SAMUEL PEPYS .......................................................................................... 170 CHAPTER IX ? JOHN KNOX AND HIS RELATIONS TO WOMEN .................................. 190...

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Excerpt: Chapter 1. The Foreigner At Home. ?This is no my ain house; I ken by the biggin? o?t.? Two recent books* one by Mr. Grant White on England, one on France by the diabolically clever Mr. Hillebrand, may well have set people thinking on the divisions of races and nations. Such thoughts should arise with particular congruity and force to inhabitants of that United Kingdom, peopled from so many different stocks, babbling so many different dialects, and offering in its extent such singular contrasts, from the busiest over-population to the unkindliest desert, from the Black Country to the Moor of Rannoch. It is not only when we cross the seas that we go abroad; there are foreign parts of England; and the race that has conquered so wide an empire has not yet managed to assimilate the islands whence she sprang. Ireland, Wales, and the Scottish mountains still cling, in part, to their old Gaelic speech. It was but the other day that English triumphed in Cornwall, and they still show in Mousehole, on St. Michael?s Bay, the house of the last Cornish-speaking woman. English itself, which will now frank the traveller through the most of...

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Contents CHAPTER I: THE FOREIGNER AT HOME ..................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER II: SOME COLLEGE MEMORIES................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER III: OLD MORTALITY .................................................................................................. 20 CHAPTER IV: A COLLEGE MAGAZINE ...................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER V: AN OLD SCOTCH GARDENER ............................................................................. 36 CHAPTER VI: PASTORAL .............................................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER VII: THE MANSE .......................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER VIII: MEMOIRS OF AN ISLET .................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER IX: THOMAS STEVENSON ? CIVIL ENGINEER...................................................... 58 CHAPTER X: TALK AND TALKERS ....................

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Excerpt: Welcome to the fifth volume of Best of Four. We hope you enjoy reading it as much as we have enjoyed bringing it to you. The purpose of Best of Four is to bring the best writing produced in English 004 each fall semester to the widest audience possible. Our students have important stories to tell and powerful voices to be heard. The students who read these essays will learn that they too have permission to state what is important to them in a public voice....

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Contents How to Use This Magazine .............................................................................................................. 3 High School to College Andrew Makhoul ........................................................................................ 4 Ignoring Problems Creates More! Ashley Morris................................................................................ 5 Hang in There Brad Hart ................................................................................................................. 6 Nate Brandi Saveri ........................................................................................................................... 7 The Best Birthday Is the Sixteenth Brent Heimbach ......................................................................... 9 Sharing the Bread of Angels Christa Sist ......................................................................................... 10 Tragedy in the Night Danielle Gehman .......................................................................................... 11 My Grandfather David Smith ..............................................

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Introduction: Benjamin Franklin was born in Milk Street, Boston, on January 6, 1706. His father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler who married twice, and of his seventeen children Benjamin was the youngest son. His schooling ended at ten, and at twelve he was bound apprentice to his brother James, a printer, who published the ?New England Courant.? To this journal he became a contributor, and later was for a time its nominal editor....

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As if it wanted to be in accordance with the paradoxism and even to confirm it, the way the mathematician writer Florentin Smarandache is received is ... paradoxical. Tens of books, studies and articles have already been written about both, scientist and smarandachism - the name given to the movement by Ion Rotaru and Titu Popescu. However the paradoxist number 1 in the world is less known in his native country. At the same time some researchers ( Jacques Sarthou, Dan Tarchila, Doru Motoc and even... Ion Rotaru) declared him a man of genius (or close by!), while others ignored him or they haven’t yet heard about him. Without being disturbed by any of the two contradictory tendencies, the Oltenian- Romanian settled in New Mexico creates further on important works in the two large fieldsliteratures and mathematics (but also in other art and scientific fields)....

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This volume contains basic mathematics (in Hawaiian). It teaches you the numbers in Hawaiian up to one hundred and also basio useful mathematics.

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Ehia kahi iloko o ka 10? He 10 a me na kahi ehia iloko o ka 12? He 10 a me na kahi ehia iloko o ka 13? 14? 16? 19? 15? 18? 17? 11? Ehia na umi iloko o ka 20? iloko o ke 30? 40? 60? 80? 60? 70? 50? 90? 100? Ehia na umi a me na kahi iloko o ka 21? iloko o ka 23? 28? 26? 32? 35? 37? 44? 49? 41? 53? 57? 62? 65? 68? 71? 76? 99? 85? 87? 88? 92? 94? 99? He umi a me 1, heaha ia? 10 me 3? 10 me 7? 10 me 9? 2 umi? 2 umi me 1? 2 umi me 5? 2 umi me 7? 3 umi? 3 umi me 2? 3 umi me 8? 4 umi? me 6? 5 umi? 5 umi me 3? 5 umi me 5? 6 umi? 6 umi me 4? 7 umi? 8 umi? 8 umi me 6? 9 umi? 9 umi me 2? 9 umi me 9? 10 ka umi? E kakau oe ma na huahelu i ka papa i hookahi; i elua; a pela a hiki i ka umi. E kakau ma na huahelu i ka umikumamaha, umikumamaono, a hiki i ka iwakalua, a hiki i ke kanakolu, a ke kanaha, a ke kanalima, a ke kanaono, a hiki i ka haneri....

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"Anthology of the Paradoxist Literary Movement" is a collection of multicultural essays about the Paradoxist Literary Movement in the world, edited by Jean-Michel Levenard, Ion Rotaru, Arnold Skemer....

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I left the totalitarianism and emigrated to the united states for the freedom: Therefore, don't force any literary rules on me! Or, if you do, I'll certainly encroach upon them. I'm not a poet, that's why I write poetry. I'm an anti-poet or non-poet. I thus came to America to re-build the statue of Liberty of the Verse, delivered from the tyranny of the classic and its dogma. I allowed any boldness, anti-literature and its literature flexible forms fixed, or the live face of the death! style of the non-style, poems without verse (because poems don't mean words), dumb poems with loud voice, poems without poems (because the notion of "poem" doesn't match any definition found in dictionaries or encyclopedias)-poems which exist by their absence, after-war literature: pages and pages bombed by filthiness, triteness, and non- poetically, paralinguistic verse (only!): graphics, lyrical portraits, drawings, drafts, non-words and non-sentence poems very upset free verse and trivial hermetic verse intelligible unintelligible language, unsolved and open problems of mathematics like very nice poems of the spirit-we must scientificize the art ...

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While your child will enjoy doing Gol-Gol Games, you as the parent/ teacher/ facilitator may need to figure out how to guide your child through Gol-Gol Games, or play the game with your child. This is a useful companion book to Gol-Gol Games Volume 1, designed to help you guide the child, while both of you have fun....

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We are trying to use the “Socratic” method, as in asking questions and letting children think about the answers. We suggest you allow children to think and write the answers. Try not to draw either the objects or the circles for the child. Try to avoid suggesting techniques and methods of thinking. Children can develop their own ways of thinking. Less help in finding answers is a good thing for children! It makes them think. More time in finding answers is a very good thing for children! It makes them think without pressure. Read a book while the child draws. Relax....

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The role of the guide Suggested solutions for words and circles Suggested solutions for adding circles

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Gol-Gol Games introduces you and your parents to a game of drawing circles, a game for all ages. We try to make it interesting and fun and challenging....

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Get something to draw: A board and pieces of chalk, OR Paper, pencils and erasers In this game, you have to draw circles. You have to draw circles around things of the same type. Not a purr-fect circle that your art teacher will say “wow!” to; badly twisted circles are also okay. Let's play; it will be easy to explain....

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Circles around things Words and circles Adding things in circles

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Kuai kekahi keiki i ka ohia a me ka alani i na keneta he 12, no ia mau mea. Ua oi pakolu hoi na keneta o ka alani imua o ko ka ohia. Ehia na keneta o kela a o keia? E kau iho i ka w i hoailona no na keneta o ka ohia. A o ka w ke kumukuai i ka ohia, a he pakolu ko ka alani i ko ka ohia; nolaila, he mau w ekolu ke kumukuai i ka alani. He w hookahi ko ka ohia, a he akolu mau w ko ka alani, ina e huia lakou, he mau w eha o ka huina. Aka, he 12 na keneta i lilo no ia mau mea a elua, nolaila, ua like na w eha me ia mau keneta he 12. A, ina he like na w eha me ka 12, alaila, ua like ka w kookahi me ka hapaha o ka 12, oia 3 mau keneta. O ka w ka hoailona o na keneta kuai i ka ohia, nolaila, ua make ka ohia i na keneta 3. Ina i make ka ohia i 3 keneta, ua pakolu na keneta i make ai ka alani, oia 3 ekolu keneta. Nolaila, he 9 na keneta ke kumukuai i ka alani. Ma keia hana ana, ua kauia ka w i hoailona no ka mea i ike ole ia; oia no na keneta o ka ohia, a o ka alani. E hiki pono no ka mea e ae i hoailona. Aka, ma keia helu, he mau no ke kakau i na hua hope o ka Pia-pa, i m, n, a me ka w, i hoailona no na mea i ike ole ia; a e hoa...

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Ua oi pa 4 aku na makahiki o Ioane imua o ko Iakobo; a o ka huina o ko laua mau. makahiki, he 20 ia. Ehia na makahiki o kela, o keia? E hoailona i na makahiki o Iakobo i ka w, no ka mea, he pa 4 na makahiki o Ioane i ko Iakobo, 4 mau w ka hoailona o kona mau makahiki. Nolaila, hookahi w a me 4 w, oia no 5 w ka huina o ko laua mau makahiki. Aka, he 20 ka huina o ko laua mau makahiki; nolaila, ua like 5 w me ka 20, a o ka w hookahi me ka hapa 5 o ka 20, oia na makahiki 4; oia ko Iakobo mau makahiki. Ina hoi ua like ka w hookahi me ka 4, alaila, ua like na w 4 me ka 16, oia no na makahiki o Ioane. Aole kakou e kakau hookahi w, elua w, ekolu w, aka, e kakau no i ka huahelu mamua o ka hoailona; penei, he w, 2 w, 3 w, 4 w, a pela aku. Ua kapaia na hua helu imua o ka w, he heluna. Ina aole i kauia. ka heluna imua o ka hua, hookahi wale no ia; penei, he w, a 1 w, ua like pu no laua. I ka hana ana i ko ka ui 2, ka hoailona no na makahiki o Ioane, 4 w ia. A i ka loaa ana o kona makahiki, ua hoonuiia ka w me ka 4, 4 w. Nolaila, o na hoailona a pau, e kau ana ka heluna mamua ana, ua hoonuiia ua hoailona la i kona heluna. Penei, in...

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This is an amazing little volume and a paradox all of its own. It is published in the United States, in a French translation of a compilation of essays from the original Romanian made jointly by Paul Georgelin and the man it is all about: Smarandache....

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POEMATIO LUDENS A1. En bas d’en haut Rien n’est plus beau En haut d’en bas… Quel bla bla bla : Règnent Ne et Pas !

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C.M.Popa – Le mouvement littéraire paradoxiste -------- 7 F.Smarandache – Neutrosophic degree of a paradoxicity 9 L.Kuciuk, M.Antholy – Paradoxism in geometry -------- 13 Un paradox aritmetic ----------------------------------------- 18 Lediana Paja – Paradoksizmi – rryma më e fundit… ---- 19 A.Balog – Viaţa şi opera scriitorului F. Smarandache --- 24 Paradoxurile bogăţiei ----------------------------------------- 33 Azulejo colgado en muro de Sevilla ------------------------ 34 Quantum Smarandache quasi paradoxes and quantum Smarandache sorites paradoxes --------- 34 T.Negoescu – În miezul paradoxismului ------------------- 39 Folclor românesc din America – Balada lui… ------------ 40 Taifasuri – chat: J.Nică – M. Monu – F.Smarandache --- 43 Folclor paradoxist România – Decalog -------------------- 62 Alt paradox aritmetic ----------------------------------------- 62 Mirifica Românie în imagini -------------------------------- 63 Folklore English ----------------------------------------------- 65 Auzite din popor ---------------------------------------------- 65 Constituţia României revizuită în 2010 (pamflet) ---...

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Excerpt: Great George Street, Westminster, is the address of Doyle and Broadbent, civil engineers. On the threshold one reads that the firm consists of Mr. Lawrence Doyle and Mr. Thomas Broadbent, and that their rooms are on the first floor. Most of their rooms are private; for the partners, being bachelors and bosom friends, live there; and the door marked Private, next the clerks? office, is their domestic sitting room as well as their reception room for clients. Let me describe it briefly from the point of view of a sparrow on the window sill. The outer door is in the opposite wall, close to the right hand corner. Between this door and the left hand corner is a hatstand and a table consisting of large drawing boards on trestles, with plans, rolls of tracing paper, mathematical instruments and other draughtsman?s accessories on it. In the left hand wall is the fireplace, and the door of an inner room between the fireplace and our observant sparrow. Against the right hand wall is a filing cabinet, with a cupboard on it, and, nearer, a tall office desk and stool for one person. In the middle of the room a large double writing table ...

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The Bab Ballads are a collection of light verse by W. S. Gilbert, illustrated with his own comic drawings. Gilbert wrote the Ballads before he became famous for his comic opera librettos with Arthur Sullivan. In writing the Bab Ballads, Gilbert developed his unique topsy-turvy style, where the humour was derived by setting up a ridiculous premise and working out its logical consequences, however absurd. The Ballads also reveal Gilbert's cynical and satirical approach to humour. They became famous on their own, as well as being a source for plot elements, characters and songs that Gilbert would recycle in the Gilbert and Sullivan operas. The Bab Ballads take their name from Gilbert's childhood nickname, and he later began to sign his illustrations Bab. (summary from wikipedia)

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It was known to me his setting up in 1980’s of a new literary and artistic avant-garde movement that he called “paradoxism”, because I received some books and papers dealing with it in order to review them for the German journal “Zentralblatt fár Mathematik”. It was an inspired connection he made between literature/arts and science, philosophy....

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Paradoxism is an avant-garde movement in literature, art, philosophy, science, based on excessive used of antitheses, antinomies, contradictions, parables, odds, paradoxes in creations....

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În anul 1972 Florentin Smarandache prezentase o ipoteză supraluminala (prin care susţinea că nu există barieră a vitezei în univers), infirmând postulatul einsteinian. Autorul l-a contrazis din nou pe Einstein în 1982 construind, prin calcule matematice simple, o Teorie Absolută a Relativităţii (T.A.R.), din care erau înlăturate fanteziile ştiinţifice din Teoria Specială a Relativităţii precum dilatare a timpului, contractare a spaţiului, simultaneitate relativistă, sau paradoxuri relativiste. In 1972 Smarandache hypothesis provided a warp (which claims that there is speed barrier in the universe), refuting Einsteinian postulate. Author Einstein contradicted again in 1982 built by simple math, an Absolute Relativity Theory (ART), which were removed scientific fantasies special theory of relativity and time dilation, space contraction, relativistic simultaneity, or paradoxes relativistic....

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„Neutrosofia” deschide uşi noi în matematică şi în fizică Florentin Smarandache, şef de promoţie al Facultăţii de Matematică din Craiova, nu este doar matematician, ci şi scriitor (poet, prozator, dramaturg), întemeietor al mişcării literare de avangardă numită de el „Paradoxism” (pentru că utilizează în mod programmatic paradoxuri, antiteze, oximoroane), editând şase antologii internaţionale paradoxiste. Are contribuţii şi în alte ştiinţe (filozofie şi fizică), bazate pe aplicarea paradoxismului în ştiinţă. Pornind de la faptul că pentru o entitate „A” există nu doar opusul ei, „antiA”, ci şi neutrul ei, „neutA” (care nu este nici „A”, nici „antiA”), Florentin Smarandache a generalizat „Dialectica” (un capitol al filozofiei, bazat pe existenţa „contrariilor” – „A” şi „antiA”) în „Neutrosofie” (bazată pe existent „contariilor” şi a „neutraliilor”). ...

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22 septembrie 2011: CERN confirmă primul experiment supraluminal - Smarandache Hypothesis, by Philip M. Parker .. . 7 - Un cercetător român a dedus existenţa particulelor cu vitezele supraluminale descoperite recent la CERN, de Prof. Ion Pătraşcu.......... 8 - Un cercetător român postulase că viteza luminii poate fi depăşită, înaintea descoperirii făcute de CERN, de Ichim Vasilică .......... 13 - Profet în Ţara Fizicii: Smarandache confirmat, Einstein infirmat?! de Mircea Monu, fizician....23 - Follow-up on CERN's OPERA Neutrino Results, by Huping Hu & Maoxin Wu ........ 34 04-11 noiembrie 2011: Participare la Conferinţa Internaţională IEEE de Calcul Granular, Universitatea Kaohsiung, Taiwan, cu lucrări despre Logica Neutrosofică - Florentin Smarandache duce neutrosofia şi în Taiwan!, de M. Monu .......... 37 18 noiembrie 2011: Premiul Statului New Mexico la categoria Ştiinţă şi Matematică în Albuquerque - Renaissance Man, Shondiin Silversmith ... . 46 - Un profesor român a câştigat Premiul statului New Mexico (SUA) la Ştiinţă şi Matematică pe anul 2011, de Prof. Mircea Eugen Şelariu ......... 48 premiul statului New M...

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A book on Smarandache's achievements throughout his life time with a short history on his personal life.

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In the beginning, this international avant-garde was a mutism: to make literature by not writing literature at all!! (any mathematical/chemical/physical etc. abstract sign, any drawing, draft, picture, graffito (having no words, no letters) could mean a poem; the non-literature created became, paradoxically, a new kind of literature; later the paradoxism has generalized the old term of for the n-dimensional and other scientific (Lobacevsky, Riemann, Banach, etc.) spaces, thus a poem can be; an object, a being, a phenomenon, a status ... understandable in a universal language. And further, using mathematics and literature, he got to the Paradoxist Philosophy with the thesis that "Nothing is noncontradictorial" ....

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Abstract................................... 3 Biography Smarandache's wrong life........................ 4 As a mathematician............................ 6 Political reason to leave his native country............. 10 Smarandache Function......................... 20 Mathematical poems........................... 22 What is the paradoxism?........................ 23 Funny stories.............................. 25 Scientific activity Affiliations............................... 27 Mathematical books published.................... 27 Mathematical articles published................... 28 Contributions to many journals................... 32 Collective collections of mathematical problems books..... 33 Manuscripts............................... 33 International congresses of mathematics.............. 34 National seminars/colloquiums................... 34 Student mathematical competitions................. 35 Paintings................................... 37 Literary activity Affiliations............................... 38 The Paradoxist Literary Movement................. 39 Books written in English language................. 39...

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These ideas were either collected or inspired from author's various lectures of books, journals, newspapers, tv and radio shows, personal conversations. I started to write down such ideas since I was a high school student and continue even today - I always bear with me a small pen and small notebook where I write in the plane, or driving my car, or even in class room. Despite three decades of postponement, I hope this booklet will keep on inspiring the reader, as good ideas will always be worth to ponder....

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• Be competitive; • Don’t be panic, when under pressure; • Use probabilities (how much % you’re expected to produce); • Infiltrate in certain organizations; • To have power of influence; • Charm those who interact with you; • Be firm and fast in decisions; • To make a plan for a long period of time and subdivide it in smaller sub-plans for short periods of time...

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PREFACE ........................................ 3 CONTENTS......................................... 5 LIFE STRATEGIES 1. Best Tips for Life ...................................................... 6 2. Life Strategies in General Science..........................8 3. Life Strategies in Mathematics..............................11 4. Life Strategies in Medical Science .......................23 5. Life Strategies in Workplace & Social Life........28 6. Life Strategies in Personal Life .............................34 7. Life Strategies in General Arts .............................41 Appendix: Miscellaneous App.1. FS........................................ 54 App.2.American writing..............................................55 App3.The International Phonetic Alphabet.............67...

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Chapter 1 first introduces the interval neutrosophic sets which is an instance of neutrosophic sets. In this chapter, the definition of interval neutrosophic sets and set-theoretic operators are given and various properties of interval neutrosophic set are proved. Chapter 2 defines the interval neutrosophic logic based on interval neutrosophic sets including the syntax and semantics of first order interval neutrosophic propositional logic and first order interval neutrosophic predicate logic. The interval neutrosophic logic can reason and model fuzzy, incomplete and inconsistent information. In this chapter, we also design an interval neutrosophic inference system based on first order interval neutrosophic predicate logic. The interval neutrosophic inference system can be applied to decision making. Chapter 3 gives one application of interval neutrosophic sets and logic in the field of relational databases. Neutrosophic data model is the generalization of fuzzy data model and paraconsistent data model. Here, we generalize various set-theoretic and relation-theoretic operations of fuzzy data model to neutrosophic data model. Chapter ...

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The neutrosophic set generalizes the above mentioned sets from philosophical point of view. From scientific or engineering point of view, the neutrosophic set and set-theoretic operators need to be specified. Otherwise, it will be difficult to apply in the real applications. In this chapter, we de_ne the set theoretic operators on an instance of neutrosophic set called Interval Neutrosophic Set (INS). We call it as “interval" because it is subclass of neutrosophic set, that is we only consider the subunitary interval of [0; 1]....

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Preface iii 1 Interval Neutrosophic Sets 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Neutrosophic Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Interval Neutrosophic Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 Properties of Set-theoretic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.5 Convexity of Interval Neutrosophic Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.7 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2 Interval Neutrosophic Logic 21 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2 Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.1 Syntax of Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.2 Semantics of Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2.3 Proof Theory of Interval Neutrosophic Propositional Calculus . . . . . . . . 25 2.3 Interval Neutrosophic Predicate Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.1 Syntax of Interval Neutrosophic Predicate Cal...

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In this book the authors study the erasure techniques in concatenated Maximum Rank Distance (MRD) codes. The authors for the first time in this book introduce the new notion of concatenation of MRD codes with binary codes, where we take the outer code as the RD code and the binary code as the inner code....

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We want to find efficient algebraic methods to improve the realiability of the transmission of messages. In this chapter we give only simple coding and decoding algorithms which can be easily understood by a beginner. Binary symmetric channel is an illustration of a model for a transmission channel. Now we will proceed onto define a linear code algebraically....

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Preface 5 Chapter One BASIC CONCEPTS 7 Chapter Two ALGEBRAIC LINEAR CODES AND THEIR PROPERTIES 29 Chapter Three ERASURE DECODING OF MAXIMUM RANK DISTANCE CODES 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Maximum Rank Distance Codes 51 3.3 Erasure Decoding of MRD Codes 54 Chapter Four MRD CODES –SOME PROPERTIES AND A DECODING TECHNIQUE 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Error-erasure Decoding Techniques to MRD Codes 64 4.3 Invertible q-Cyclic RD Codes 83 4.4 Rank Distance Codes With Complementary Duals 101 4.4.1 MRD Codes With Complementary Duals 103 4.4.2 The 2-User F-Adder Channel 106 4.4.3 Coding for the 2-user F-Adder Channel 107 Chapter Five EFFECTIVE ERASURE CODES FOR RELIABLE COMPUTER COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS USING CODES OVER ARBITRARY RINGS 111 5.1 Integer Rank Distance Codes 112 5.2 Maximum Integer Rank Distance Codes 114 Chapter Six CONCATENATION OF ALGEBRAIC CODES 129 6.1 Concatenation of Linear Block Codes 129 6.2 Concatenation of RD Codes With CR-Metric 140 FURTHER READING 153 INDEX 157 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 161...

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The Theory Of Interpretive Relativity: A Unified Map Of Literary Theory is a comprehensive study organizing and mapping all literary interpretive theory, from classical philosophy to postmodern theory, into one formulaic model. Interpretive Relativity uses, for its method of organizational strategy, the philosophy of relativism to explain how all theoretical interpretation compliment one another rather than contradict one another. This thesis uses extensive graphs and illustrations to aid in the visualization of how mapping theoretical interpretations is possible. The piece of literature, work of art, that is used through out the study is Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In other words, this thesis show how the philosophy of Einstein’s general theory of relativity could be applied to Hamlet....

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“The long concatenations of simple and easy reasoning which geometricians use in achieving their most difficult demonstrations gave me occasion to imagine that all matters which may enter the human mind were interrelated in the same fashion.” -- René Descartes ...

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I. INTRODUCTION: MATHEMATICAL CONSTRUCT STRATEGIES FOR GRAPHING LITERARY INTERPRETATION THEORIES INTO A VISUAL FIGURE, DEFINING TERMS 1 II. MAPPING LITERARY THEORY: DEFINING THE BODY OF LITERATURE, Ln, AND MESSAGE, EMBODIED IN ART, Ln 10 III. FORMING THE X AXIS: SETTING VALUES FOR X AS SIGN, SIGNIFICATION, AND SIGNAL (X1, X2, X3) 18 X1: Sign, Encoding Meaning 21 X2: Signification: The Three Aspects to the Value X2, Concept in a Medium, X21, X22, X23 23 X3: Signal, Decoding Meaning Plotting the 2s OF B’s X31, X32, X33 30 IV. FORMING THE Y AXIS: THE AUDIENCE’S INFINITE MULTIFARIOUS “REALIZATION” 36 The Search for 1: The Messenger and the Author 38 Y 1: The Author’s text 45 Y 2: The Text 50 Y 3: The World 54 Y 4: The Reader 57 V. FORMING THE Z AXIS: VALUES FOR Z, APPLIED RHETORICAL IDEOLOGY 65 Z 1: Marxist Literary Criticism 67 Z 2: Deconstruction Criticism 71 Z 3: Multicultural Literary Criticism 77 Z 4: Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism 80 Z 5: Liberation Literary Criticism 84 VI. CONCLUSION 87...

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Describing a novel way of drawing the ground plan of Stonehenge with the peg and string method, revealing previously unknown relationships.

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Stonehenge is a supposedly Neolithic monument located on Salisbury plain in Southern England. A study of the monument ground-plan raises a number of questions that are not answered by existing science. Questions such as: - ‘How could primitive men subdivide a circle into 56 equal parts?’ The questions are not answered with the keys provided by science. We need a ‘dumb-key’ to resolve the problems and answer the questions. The dumb-key is found by asking ourselves what geometric drawing implements did the builders have? They must have marked the ground with some kind of plan or they would not have known where to dig the holes to place the stones. The only geometric implements they would have had access to would be the basic ones that men living in the wild might find in the environment. They would no doubt have a long straight pole or stick to use as a measure, and sharpened pegs to scratch lines in the turf, or to drive into the ground to mark places. They would have rope, or the ancient equivalent, made out of twisted fibres or knotted hide thongs. Pulled tight these would provide a straight line, which could be marked on the...

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Acknowledgements………………………………………..…..4 Introduction………………………………………………..……..5 Drawing the Ground-Plan………………………….…………6 Outer Monument…………………………………………………7 Inner Monument……………………………………………….19 Astro-Archaeology…………………………………………….26 Summary of Astronomy…………………….………………29 Graphs ………………………..……………….27 & 28, 31& 34 Tables 1,2,3…………………………………………….37,38,39 Exercise with Px……………………………………….………40 Printable Graphs………………………………………..42 & 43 ...

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This book aims to assist social scientists to analyze their problems using fuzzy models. The basic and essential fuzzy matrix theory is given. The book does not promise to give the complete properties of basic fuzzy theory or basic fuzzy matrices. Instead, the authors have only tried to give those essential basically needed to develop the fuzzy model. The authors do not present elaborate mathematical theories to work with fuzzy matrices; instead they have given only the needed properties by way of examples. The authors feel that the book should mainly help social scientists who are interested in finding out ways to emancipate the society. Everything is kept at the simplest level and even difficult definitions have been omitted. Another main feature of this book is the description of each fuzzy model using examples from real-world problems. Further, this book gives lots of references so that the interested reader can make use of them. This book has two chapters. In Chapter One, basic concepts about fuzzy matrices are introduced. Basic notions of matrices are given in section one in order to make the book self contained. Section two g...

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Preface 4 Dedication 6 Chapter One BASIC MATRIX THEORY AND FUZZY MATRIX THEORY 7 1.1 Basic Matrix Theory 7 1.2 Basic Concepts on Fuzzy Matrices 33 1.3 Basic Concepts on Graphs 47 Chapter Two DESCRIPTION OF SIMPLE FUZZY MODELS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO REAL WORLD PROBLEMS 71 2.1 Description of Simple Fuzzy Matrix Model 72 2.2 Definition of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps with real world model representation 146 2.3 Definition and Illustration of Fuzzy Relational Maps 205 2.4 Introduction to Bidirectional Associative Memories (BAM) Model and their Application 238 2.5 Description of Fuzzy Associative Memories (FAM) model and their illustrations 264 2.6 Fuzzy Relational Equations (FRE) and their application 277 REFERENCE 317 INDEX 345 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 352...

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This book has five chapters. In Chapter I, we give a brief description of the sixteen sutras invented by the Swamiji. Chapter II gives the text of select articles about Vedic Mathematics that appeared in the media. Chapter III recalls some basic notions of some Fuzzy and Neutrosophic models used in this book. This chapter also introduces a fuzzy model to study the problem when we have to handle the opinion of multiexperts. Chapter IV analyses the problem using these models. The final chapter gives the observations made from our study....

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We then remove the common factor if any from each and we find x + 1 staring us in the face i.e. x + 1 is the HCF. Two things are to be noted importantly. (1) We see that often the subsutras are not used under the main sutra for which it is the subsutra or the corollary. This is the main deviation from the usual mathematical principles of theorem (sutra) and corollaries (subsutra). (2) It cannot be easily compromised that a single sutra (a Sanskrit word) can be mathematically interpreted in this manner even by a stalwart in Sanskrit except the Jagadguru Puri Sankaracharya. We wind up the material from the book of Vedic Mathematics and proceed on to give the opinion/views of great personalities on Vedic Mathematics given by Jagadguru. Since the notion of integral and differential calculus was not in vogue in Vedic times, here we do not discuss about the authenticated inventor, further we have not given the adaptation of certain sutras in these fields. Further as most of the educated experts felt that since the Jagadguru had obtained his degree with mathematics as one of the subjects, most of the results given in book on Ve...

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Preface 5 Chapter One INTRODUCTION TO VEDIC MATHEMATICS 9 Chapter Two ANALYSIS OF VEDIC MATHEMATICS BY MATHEMATICIANS AND OTHERS 31 2.1 Views of Prof. S.G.Dani about Vedic Mathematics from Frontline 33 2.2 Neither Vedic Nor Mathematics 50 2.3 Views about the Book in Favour and Against 55 2.4 Vedas: Repositories of Ancient Indian Lore 58 2.5 A Rational Approach to Study Ancient Literature 59 2.6 Shanghai Rankings and Indian Universities 60 2.7 Conclusions derived on Vedic Mathematics and the Calculations of Guru Tirthaji - Secrets of Ancient Maths 61 Chapter Three INTRODUCTION TO BASIC CONCEPTS AND A NEW FUZZY MODEL 65 3.1 Introduction to FCM and the Working of this Model 65 3.2 Definition and Illustration of Fuzzy Relational Maps (FRMS) 72 3.3 Definition of the New Fuzzy Dynamical System 77 3.4 Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps with Examples 78 3.5 Description of Neutrosophic Relational Maps 87 3.6 Description of the new Fuzzy Neutrosophic model 92 Chapter Four MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF THE VIEWS ABOUT VEDIC MATHEMATICS USING FUZZY MODELS 95 4.1 Views of students about the use of Vedic Mathematics in their c...

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Creaţia este un risc Prefaţă Cei care construiesc şi cei care se căsătoresc nu sunt niciodată în siguranţă, sună un proverb suedez. Deci creaţia, care este o c-o-n-s-t-r-u-c-ţ-i-e, presupune un risc, atrăgând prieteni dar şi duşmani, şi lăsând o a treia categorie de oameni indiferenţi (ca-n logica neutrosofică). În a doua jumătate a vieţii producţia-mi literară s-a redus în cantitate, eu fiind absorbit în (şi sponsorizat pentru) creaţia ştiinţifică aplicată (matematică folosită în inginerie, robotică, medicină, aeronautică, sau încercări sporadice de fizică teoretică). În afara unor autotraduceri, şi-acelea înaintând greu din lipsă de timp, iar în domeniul plastic al ‘artei electronice’ (pe computer), mai scriu ca “literatură” doar memoriile despre diversele conferinţe ştiinţifice internaţionale la care sunt invitat să prezint lucrări de cercetare ori seminarii. Memorii care, de fapt, sunt nişte reportaje, îmbinate cu expunerea de idei şi teorii ştiinţifice, documentarii istorice, geografice, filozofice, antropologice, religioase, artistice, etc. de la diversele muzee, galerii de artă, monumente şi locuri culturale ...

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Cifrele au început să vibreze mi-am încărcat buzunarele cu cifre şi pătrate şi am vâslit hoinar pe drumuri la fiecare colţ al liniei curbe a vieţii aruncam cu cercuri şi triunghiuri în mulţime şi ele rezonau cu cifre am pavat şoseaua iar sub paşii mei au început să vibreze când mi-am umplut plămânii de ele s-au convertit în litere şi am descins pe drumul poeziei...

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Prefaţă: Creaţia este un risc: 5 INTERVIURI: 6 Legătura dintre paradoxism şi Teoria Dezert-Smarandache (Interviu cu Flavia Teoc): 7 Exil sau diasporă? (Interviu cu Silvia Constantinescu): 11 God does play dice! (Interview with Ovidiu Bufnilă): 21 “Totul este posibil, chiar şi imposibilul!” (Interviu cu Tudor Negoescu): 22 Literatura şi ştiinţa experimentală (Interviu cu Adrian Lesenciuc): 28 Gândirea pozitivistă (Interviu cu Gabriel Stănescu): 33 "Rămân emigranţii fideli valorilor culturii de origine?” (Chestionar de Gabriel Stănescu): 36 O luptă permanentă cu viaţa (Interviu cu Crenguţa Ţolea): 38 A fi sau a nu fi paradoxist (Taifas electronic cu Mircea Monu): 47 Nichita versus Florentin (Dialog cu M. N. Rusu): 55 Paradoxism şi (Aut-)Artă: o nouă (dez)ordine culturală? (Interviu cu Mugur Grosu şi Mircea Ţuglea): 56 SCURTE ESEURI: 86 Aut-Artă: 87 Ab ovo: 89 Un Om şi-o Operă (Aurel M. Buricea la 65 de ani): 91 Pasiunea de Dascăl şi Creator: 92 Prolificitatea Profesorului Bencze: 94 Aniversare Alpha: 95 Nuvele serioase în neseriozitatea lor: 96 La frontiera onirismului: 99 Un nou gen literar: 100 Vorbe de duh: 1...

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Aims and Scope: The International J.Mathematical Combinatorics (ISSN 1937-1055) is a fully refereed international journal, and published quarterly comprising 100-150 pages approx. per volume, which publishes original research papers and survey articles in all aspects of Smarandache multi-spaces, Smarandache geometries, mathematical combinatorics, non-euclidean geometry and topology and their applications to other sciences. Topics in detail to be covered are: Smarandache multi-spaces with applications to other sciences, such as those of algebraic multi-systems, multi-metric spaces,. . . , etc.. Smarandache geometries; Differential Geometry; Geometry on manifolds; Topological graphs; Algebraic graphs; Random graphs; Combinatorial maps; Graph and map enumeration; Combinatorial designs; Combinatorial enumeration; Low Dimensional Topology; Differential Topology; Topology of Manifolds; Geometrical aspects of Mathematical Physics and Relations with Manifold Topology; Applications of Smarandache multi-spaces to theoretical physics; Applications of Combinatorics to mathematics and theoretical physics; Mathematical theory on gravitatio...

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Sequences on Graphs with Symmetries Linfan Mao Chinese Academy of Mathematics and System Science, Beijing, 10080, P.R.China Beijing Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, P.R.China E-mail: maolinfan@163.com Abstract: An interesting symmetry on multiplication of numbers found by Prof.Smarandache recently. By considering integers or elements in groups on graphs, we extend this symmetry on graphs and find geometrical symmetries. For extending further, Smarandache’s or combinatorial systems are also discussed in this paper, particularly, the CC conjecture presented by myself six years ago, which enables one to construct more symmetrical systems in mathematical sciences. Key Words: Smarandache sequence, labeling, Smarandache beauty, graph, group, Smarandache system, combinatorial system, CC conjecture...

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Contents Lucas Graceful Labeling for Some Graphs BY M.A.PERUMAL, S.NAVANEETHAKRISHNAN AND A.NAGARAJAN . . . . . 01 Sequences on Graphs with Symmetries BY LINFAN MAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Supermagic Coverings of Some Simple Graphs BY P.JEYANTHI AND P.SELVAGOPAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Elementary Abelian Regular Coverings of Cube BY FURONG WANG AND LIN ZHANG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Super Fibonacci Graceful Labeling of Some Special Class of Graphs BY R.SRIDEVI, S.NAVANEETHAKRISHNAN AND K.NAGARAJAN. . . . . . . . 59 Surface Embeddability of Graphs via Tree-travels BY YANPEI LIU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Edge Maximal C3 and C5-Edge Disjoint Free Graphs BY M.S.A.BATAINEH AND M.M.M.JARADAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 A Note on Admissible Mannheim Curves in Galilean Space G3 BY S.ERSOY, M.AKYIGIT AND M.TOSUN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 The Number of Spanning Trees in Generalized Complete Multipartite Graphs of Fan-Type BY JUNLIANGE CAI AND XIAOLI LIU . . . . . ....

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A collection of short prose essays.

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CULTURAL NEWS1 (short prose poem) I queue up at the entry of art. queue for meat, queue for bread (Hurraaah Hurrah How fine is our life!) And I watch how someone builds their tomb in eternity. We beseech you to sit down each as far as possible in literature, we are announced by the hoarse interphone. -No, thanks. I prefer standing up, I find myself answering unquestioned. -But do come, please, come. the poetry is waiting for you - says the interphone, then to me: -Enough, there is no place left, get out....

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About Florentin Smarandache again, by Ion Rotaru 5 Introduction to the Kingdom of Error 9 A few features of the NonExistentialism 10 A common 13 Cultural actuality (short prose - poem) 14 How not to ascend to the High NonSociety 15 News 19 Portrait 20 1st letter of Uncle Vasile the political refugee 21 2nd letter of Uncle Vasile the political refugee 23 3rd letter 25 The letter of Mircea the King-size 26 Leitmotif (short prose without action, without conflict, without subject) 27 Hopes 30 Recollections of which I don’t wish to remember 33 Defect writings (short prose - essay) 35 Introduction in Gibberish 38 Curriculum Vitae 49 The typewriter 50 Landscape with dreams 51 The heroic day of an ordinary man 53 Savu of Lentza 56 Gallant affairs 58 Little history of love (critique short prose) 60 Divorce 62 Uncle Gheorghe’s amazing deeds 64 Genealogy 67 At the swimming place 69 Characterize the character Vitoria Lipan in the novel “The hatchet” 70 RRS 73 Cupboard-which-can-hold-many-people-and-runs-alone-on-railways 74 Shakespeare Alexandru and Beethoven Nicolae 75 Diploma (juridical short prose) 77 Ahmed...

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We have used the 2-adaptive fuzzy model having the two fuzzy models, fuzzy matrices model and BAMs viz. model to analyze the views of public about HIV/ AIDS disease, patient and the awareness program. This book has five chapters and 6 appendices. The first chapter just recalls the definition of four fuzzy models used in this book and gives illustration of some of them. Chapter two introduces the new n-adaptive fuzzy models. Chapter three uses for the first time 2 adaptive fuzzy models to study psychological and sociological problems about HIV/AIDS. Chapter four gives an outline of the interviews. Chapter five gives the suggestions and conclusion based on our study. Of the 6 appendices four of them are C-program made to make the working of the fuzzy model simple....

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In this chapter for the first time we introduce the new class of n-adaptive fuzzy models (n a positive integer and n ≥ 2) and illustrate it. These n-adaptive fuzzy models can analyze a problem using different models so one can get in one case the hidden pattern, in one case the maximum time period in some case output state vector for a given input vector and so on. So this new model has the capacity to analyze the problem in different angles, which can give multiple suggestions and solutions about the problem. This chapter has two sections. Section one defines the new model gives illustrations and section two defines some special n-adaptive models and proposes some problems....

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Chapter One SOME BASIC FUZZY MODELS WITH ILLUSTRATIONS 1.1 Fuzzy matrices and their applications 9 1.2 Definition and illustration of Fuzzy Relational Maps (FRMs) 16 1.3 Some basic concepts of BAM with illustration 20 1.3.1 Some basic concepts of BAM 22 1.3.2 Use of BAM Model to study the cause of vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and factors for migration 28 1.4 Introduction to Fuzzy Associative Memories (FAM) 35 Chapter Two ON A NEW CLASS OF N-ADAPTIVE FUZZY MODELS WITH ILLUSTRATIONS 2.1 On a new class of n-adaptive fuzzy models with illustrations 39 2.2 Some special n-adaptive models 49 Chapter Three USE OF 2-ADAPTIVE FUZZY MODEL TO ANALYZE THE PUBLIC AWARENESS OF HIV/AIDS 3.1 Study of the psychological and social problems the public have about HIV/AIDS patients using CETD matrix 52 3.2 Use of 2 adaptive fuzzy model to analyze the problem 72 Chapter Four PUBLIC ATTITUDE AND AWARENESS ABOUT HIV/AIDS 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Interviews 81 Chapter Five CONCLUSIONS 167 Appendix 1. Questionnaire 177 2. Table of Statistics 191 3. C-program for CETD and RTD Matrix 198 4. C-program for FRM 202 5. C-program for CFRM 2...

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The new concept of fuzzy interval matrices has been introduced in this book for the first time. The authors have not only introduced the notion of fuzzy interval matrices, interval neutrosophic matrices and fuzzy neutrosophic interval matrices but have also demonstrated some of its applications when the data under study is an unsupervised one and when several experts analyze the problem....

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1.2 Definition of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps In this section we recall the notion of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs), which was introduced by Bart Kosko in the year 1986. We also give several of its interrelated definitions. FCMs have a major role to play mainly when the data concerned is an unsupervised one. Further this method is most simple and an effective one as it can analyse the data by directed graphs and connection matrices. DEFINITION 1.2.1: An FCM is a directed graph with concepts like policies, events etc. as nodes and causalities as edges. It represents causal relationship between concepts. Example 1.2.1: In Tamil Nadu (a southern state in India) in the last decade several new engineering colleges have been approved and started. The resultant increase in the production of engineering graduates in these years is disproportionate with the need of engineering graduates. ...

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Dedication 5 Preface 6 Chapter One BASIC CONCEPTS 1.1 Definition of Interval Matrices and Examples 8 1.2 Definition of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps 9 1.3 An Introduction to Neutrosophy 13 1.4 Some Basic Neutrosophic Structures 16 1.5 Some Basic Notions about Neutrosophic Graphs 22 1.6 On Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps with Examples 28 1.7 Definition and Illustration of Fuzzy Relational Maps (FRMs) 33 1.8 Introduction to Fuzzy Associative Memories 40 1.9 Some Basic Concepts of BAM 43 1.10 Properties of Fuzzy Relations and FREs 49 1.11 Binary Neutrosophic Relations and their Properties 56 Chapter Two INTRODUCTION TO FUZZY INTERVAL MATRICES AND NEUTROSOPHIC INTERVAL MATRICES AND THEIR GENERALIZATIONS 2.1 Fuzzy Interval Matrices 68 2.2 Interval Bimatrices and their Generalizations 76 2.3 Neutrosophic Interval Matrices and their Generalizations 92 Chapter Three FUZZY MODELS AND NEUTROSOPHIC MODELS USING FUZZY INTERVAL MATRICES AND NEUTROSOPHIC INTERVAL MATRICES 3.1 Description of FCIMs Model 118 3.2 Description and Illustration of FRIM Model 129 3.3 Description of FCIBM model and its Generalization 139 3.4 FRIBM model and i...

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The World Public Library Association is the world’s largest aggregator of eBooks. Founded in 1996, the World Public Library Association is a global coordinated effort to preserve and disseminate historical books, classic works of literature, serials, bibliographies, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other heritage works in a number of languages and countries around the world. World Public Library is a IRC 501(c)(4) Organization, organized Not for profit, but operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare. Our mission is to serve and aid the public, students, and educators, by providing the world's most complete collection of electronic books, documents, and articles online, as well as offer a variety of services and resources that support and strengthen the instructional programs of education, elementary through post-baccalaureate studies. Access to the complete holdings of the World Public Library is open to the general public for personal use, members receive an eLibrary Card allowing them unlimited accessto our complete holdings....

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Franklin D. Roosevelt - “The public library is a nation’s act of believing in the capacity of its own people so to learn from the past that they can gain in judgement in creating their own future.” The traditional library is changing, fast. Paper books,and the multi-level structures that house them, are becoming a thing of the past while digital books, eBooks, pave the way for a new future of instant, worldwide accessibility to knowledge. The World Public Library is at the forefront of this movement. I. History A. Purpose of the Library 1. Origins Hi, I’m Mia with the World Public Library and I would like to invite you on a journey through the library’s past present and future. Along the way we will explore what has made the library such a unique and important place historically and what the World Public Library is doing today to make the library more useful and vital than ever before. It’s impossible to think about the progress mankind has made without calculating the role that the library has played. Any city that has had a great impact on learning has had a great library behind it, fu...

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Applications demonstrate the power of the DSmT framework. In this third Volume, DSmT is applied to the entire spectrum of the Information Fusion that would interest any reader in data, sensor, information, and mathematical fusion topics. Highlighted in Figure 1 are the contemporary issues that include the links between (1) data conditioning and information management, (2) combined situation and impact assessment, and (2) knowledge representation between machine processing and user coordination. Various applications leverage DSmT “Advances” listed above along with DSmH (hybrid), DSmP (Probabilistic), and DSmT theoretical insights. The third volume attacks these application issues of coordination between the “levels” of information fusion....

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Part I Advances on DSmT 1 Chapter 1 An introduction to DSmT 3 by J. Dezert and F. Smarandache 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Foundations of DSmT . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 The power set, hyper-power set and super-power set . . 6 1.2.2 Notion of free and hybrid DSm models . . . . 18 1.2.3 Generalized belief functions . . . . . . 20 1.2.4 The classic DSm rule of combination . . . . . 21 1.2.5 The hybrid DSm rule of combination . . . . . 22 1.2.6 Examples of combination rules . . . . . . 24 1.2.7 Fusion of imprecise beliefs . . . . . . 29 1.3 Proportional Conflict Redistribution rule . . . . . 33 1.3.1 PCR formulas . . . . . . . . . 34 1.3.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . 35 1.3.3 Zadeh’s example . . . . . . . . 39 1.4 Uniform and partially uniform redistribution rules . . . 41 1.5 RSC Fusion rules . . . . . . . . . 43 1.6 The generalized pignistic transformation (GPT) . . . . 45 1.6.1 The classical pignistic transformation . . . . 45 1.6.2 Notion of DSmcardinality . . . . . . 46 1.6.3 The Generalized Pignistic Transformation . . . 47 1.7 The DSmP transformation . . . . . . . 48 1.7.1 The Probabilistic In...

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This second book devoted on advances and applications of Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT) for information fusion collects recent papers from different researchers working in engineering and mathematics. Part 1 of this book presents the current state-of-the-art on theoretical investigations while, Part 2 presents several applications of this new theory. Some ideas in this book are still under current development or improvements, but we think it is important to propose them in order to share ideas and motivate new debates with people interested in new reasoning methods and information fusion. So, we hope that this second volume on DSmT will continue to stir up some interests to researchers and engineers working in data fusion and in artificial intelligence....

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Preamble iii Prefaces v Part I Advances on DSmT 1 Chapter 1 Proportional Conflict Redistribution Rules for Information Fusion 3 by Florentin Smarandache and Jean Dezert 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 The principal rules of combination . . . . . . . 6 1.2.1 Notion of total and partial conflicting masses . . . . . 6 1.2.2 The conjunctive rule . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.3 The disjunctive rule . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2.4 Dempster’s rule of combination . . . . . . . 8 1.2.5 Smets’ rule of combination . . . . . . . 9 1.2.6 Yager’s rule of combination . . . . . . . 9 1.2.7 Dubois & Prade’s rule of combination . . . . . . 9 1.2.8 The hybrid DSm rule . . . . . . . . 10 1.3 The general weighted operator (WO) . . . . . . . 11 1.4 The weighted average operator (WAO) . . . . . . . 12 1.4.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4.2 Example for WAO . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4.3 Limitations of WAO . . . . . . . . . 13 1.5 Daniel’s minC rule of combination . . . . . . . 14 1.5.1 Principle of the minC rule . . . . . . . 14 1.5.2 Example for minC . . . . . . . . . 15 1.6 Principle of the PCR rules . . . . . . . . . 20 1.7 The...

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This book is devoted to an emerging branch of Information Fusion based on new approach for modeling the fusion problematic when the information provided by the sources is both uncertain and (highly) conflicting. This approach, known in literature as DSmT (standing for Dezert-Smarandache Theory), proposes new useful rules of combinations. We gathered in this volume a presentation of DSmT from the beginning to the latest development. Part 1 of this book presents the current state-of-the-art on theoretical investigations while Part 2 presents several applications of this new theory. We hope that this first book on DSmT will stir up some interests to researchers and engineers working in data fusion and in artificial intelligence. Many simple but didactic examples are proposed throughout the book. As a young emerging theory, DSmT is probably not exempt from improvements and its development will continue to evolve over the years. We just want through this book to propose a new look at the Information Fusion problematic and open a new track to attack the combination of information....

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Preamble xi Prefaces xiii I Advances on DSmT 1 1 Presentation of DSmT 3 1.1 Introduction . . . . . 3 1.2 Short introduction to the DST . . . . 5 1.2.1 Shafer’s model and belief functions . . . 5 1.2.2 Dempster’s rule of combination . . . 5 1.2.3 Alternatives to Dempster’s rule of combination . . . 6 1.2.4 The discounting of sources of evidence . . . 10 1.3 Foundations of the DSmT . . . . 11 1.3.1 Notion of free and hybrid DSm models . . . 11 1.3.2 Notion of hyper-power set D_ . . . 13 1.3.3 Generalized belief functions . . . . 15 1.3.4 The classic DSm rule of combination . . . 16 1.3.5 The hybrid DSm rule of combination . . . 17 1.3.6 On the refinement of the frames . . . 18 1.3.7 On the combination of sources over different frames . . . 20 1.4 Comparison of different rules of combinations . . . 21 1.4.1 First example . . . . . 21 1.4.2 Second example . . . . 25 1.4.3 Third example . . . . 26 1.4.4 Fourth example . . . . 27 1.4.5 Fifth example . . . . . 27 1.5 Summary . . . . . 29 1.6 References . . . . . 31 2 The generation of hyper-power sets 37 2.1 Introduction . . . . . 37 2.2 Definition of hyper-po...

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Excerpt: The Palimpsest Review is the student literary publication for the Pennsylvania State University campuses outside the University Park main campus. All the short stories and poems published herein are the products of students enrolled on those campuses during the academic year prior to the semester of publication....

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Contents From the Editor?s Desk ................................................................. 5 Poetry ............................................................................................ 9 Evelyn Brady ?Safeguard? .....................................................................................10 Jenna Boyle ?Last Night? .......................................................................................12 Kate F. Van Schaick (Judge?s Selection for Best Poem) ?Ruskie? ............................. 14 Michael Riedl ?Little Round Top, Since July 1863? ................................................16 Nancy Nottingham ?In Pursuit of Scholarship? ......................................................17 Arturo Zilleruelo ?On Haven Fair Road? ................................................................18 Bryan Dondero ?Dandelion Sutra? ........................................................................20 Arturo Zilleruelo ?Girl? .........................................................................................21 Laura Guthrie ?night?s flight of fancy? ......................................................

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Etymologically, aphorism + floral = aph(L)orism, which is a short reflection written on a floral design, or a short poetry accompanied by an artistic background. They are colorful contemplations. Maximus in minimis (Lat.) means very much in very little [max in min], or condensed thought, or ideating essence. They are actually maxims, adages, sayings mostly in one line (uni-stich) with a title, as a metaphoric statement, a breathing momentum that oils our soul....

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Nonchalantly : The wind with its mantle steps lightly. Skin Condition : The Sun has spots too. At what time? When it rains, God cries. Atmosphere : Blue, as the sky dirtied by clouds. Bright : A balcony full of Sun. Natural disaster : The swans look drunk on the fetid lake. Surprisingly : The crow is a beautiful black. Elegant woman : A bird high on her legs. Most powerful chess piece : You are a queen but only in the dark. Medicinal plant : You’re a flower but amongst weeds. Force that attracts food : The stomach’s gravitation pulls me to food....

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Passion.......................................................................23 Worthless.....................................................................23 Tired of you....................................................................23 Tittle-tattle....................................................................23 Talk is cheep...................................................................24 Give the man what he doesn’t have.................................................24 Novel for (non) writers...........................................................24 Desolate......................................................................24 Did I have the pleasure...........................................................24 Sloppy work....................................................................25 Despicable.....................................................................25 Wanted.......................................................................25 Talking in vain..................................................................25 Use caplets.....................................................

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The 2000 year history of the atom and chemistry, from the Classic Greek Era to the present, is described in 800 pages, depicted with some 300 pictures and illustrations. This history of the atom and chemistry discusses the lives of about 180 chemists and physicists, through the evolution of several stages of development, representing the most important scientific accomplishments. The most significant discoveries in chemistry and physics are presented chronologically to illustrate their contributions to the creation of the chemical sciences during the last 21 centuries....

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INTRODUCTION It is a genuine pleasure and challenge for me to try to express the full extent of my emotions and reasons for writing this book on the STORY OF THE ATOM AND THE SCIENCES, with special reference to the CHEMICAL SCIENCES. In one sentence, I can distill the essence of the purpose for this study by simply stating that it has been a labor of love that transcended the written word because sentiments and ideas belong in the realm of the ethereal and the philosophical as well as in the domain of LITERATURE and SCIENCE. Ever since a young and impressionable student attending a country school in a community of a few hundred people, began to be introduced to the world of knowledge over 65 years ago, the sciences became to me what water is to fish, air is to birds and earth is to humanity. The introduction to the mathematical, physical, chemical and biological sciences felt like reading a beautiful poem or listening to a romantic melody. In essence, it was truly a joyful experience, full of the enigmatic, the mysterious and the fantastic, beyond my wildest imagination. The words used in the title of this book, were car...

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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 THE STORY OF THE ATOM AND CHEMISTRY 7 THE CAVE MAN 7 ABSTRACT ON THE CONCEPT OF PERSPECTIVE AND SENSE OF DUTY 8 THE MIGRATORY AND THE SEDENTARY MAN 9 ABSTRACT ON THE ATOM AND ITS ENERGY 11 THE CLASSIC GREEK AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHERS 17 EMPEDOCLES (492-432 BC) Greek Philosopher 20 Proposed the four basic elements: earth, water, air and fire. DEMOCRITUS (470-380 BC) Greek Philosopher 22 The founder of the atomic theory of antiquity. CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY (100-170) Greek Astronomer 24 Proponent of the geocentric theory of our solar system with the Earth and not the Sun at its center. ABSTRACT ON THE GENESIS OF AN ORDERLY AND SYSTEMATIC UNIVERSE 25 THE ALCHEMY OF ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES 32 THE METAL INDUSTRY OF ANTIQUITY 33 Mercury, Copper, Bronze, Iron and Steel. GEBER (721-815) Arabian Alchemist 38 One of the first scholars and alchemists of the Islamic world. OMAR KHAYYAM (12th Century). Persian Scientist and Astronomer 38 Brilliant astronomer and alchemist of the 12th Century. BERNARDO TREVISAN (1406 -1490) Italian Alchemist 39 One of the most famous alchemists of th...

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The whole paradoxist distich should be as a geometric unitary parabola, hyperbola, ellipse at the borders between art, philosophy, rebus, and mathematics – which exist in complementariness. The School of Paradoxist Literature, which evolved around 1980s, continues through these bi-verses closed in a new lyric exact formula, but with an opening to essence. For this kind of procedural poems one can elaborate mathematical algorithms and implement them in a computer: but, it is preferable a machine with … soul!...

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I M M O D E S T With the shame Shamelessness U N D E C I D E D Fighting Himself J A Z Z ( I ) Melodious Anarchy J A Z Z ( I I ) Anarchic Melody...

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Fore/word and Back/word _________ 3 The making of the distich : _____ 3 Characteristics: ______________ 3 Historical considerations: _____ 5 Types of Paradoxist distiches ___ 8 1. Clichés paraphrased: ___ 8 2. Parodies: _____________ 8 3. Reversed formulae: ____ 8 4. Double negation _______ 8 5. Double affirmation, ____ 8 6. Turn around on false tracks: _________________ 8 7. Hyperboles (exaggerated): __________________ 8 8. With nuance changeable from the title: ________ 8 9. Epigrammatic: ________ 8 10. Pseudo-paradoxes: ___ 8 11. Tautologies: ________ 9 12. Redundant: _________ 9 13. Based on pleonasms: _ 9 14. or on anti-pleonasms: 9 15. Substitution of the attribute in collocations ___ 9 16. Substitution of the complement in collocations 9 17. Permutation of various parts of the whole: ___ 9 18. The negation of the clichés ______________ 10 19. Antonymization (substantively, adjectively, etc.) ________________ 10 20. Fable against the grain: _________________ 10 21. Change in grammatical category (preserving substitutions’ homonymy): ________________ 10 22. Epistolary or colloquia style: _________...

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The fourth volume, in my book series of “Collected Papers”, includes 100 published and unpublished articles, notes, (preliminary) drafts containing just ideas to be further investigated, scientific souvenirs, scientific blogs, project proposals, small experiments, solved and unsolved problems and conjectures, updated or alternative versions of previous papers, short or long humanistic essays, letters to the editors...

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This short technical paper advocates a bootstrapping algorithm from which we can form a statistically reliable opinion based on limited clinically observed data, regarding whether an osteo-hyperplasia could actually be a case of Ewing’s osteosarcoma. The basic premise underlying our methodology is that a primary bone tumour, if it is indeed Ewing’s osteosarcoma, cannot increase in volume beyond some critical limit without showing metastasis. We propose a statistical method to extrapolate such critical limit to primary tumour volume. Our model does not involve any physiological variables but rather is entirely based on time series observations of increase in primary tumour volume from the point of initial detection to the actual detection of metastases....

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Collected Eclectic Ideas - preface by the author.............................3 Contents....................................................6 ASTRONOMY..................................14 1. First Lunar Space Base, project proposal, by V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache..15 2. On Recent Discovery of New Planetoids in the Solar System and Quantization of Celestial System, by V. Christianto, F. Smarandache..................28 3. Open and Solved Elementary Questions in Astronomy, by Florentin Smarandache.. 36 BIOLOGY......................................40 4. Statistical Modeling of Primary Ewing Tumors of the Bone, by Sreepurna Malakar, Florentin Smarandache, Sukanto Bhattacharya, in in , Vol. 3, No. JJ05, 81-88, 2005................41 CALCULUS....................................53 5. A Triple Inequality with Series and Improper Integrals, by Florentin Smarandache, in Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 25E, No. 1, 215-217, 2006.........54 6. Immediate Calculation of Some Poisson Type Integrals Using SuperMathematics Circular Ex-Centric Functions, by Florentin Smarandache & Mircea Eugen................................

Description Details
The fourth volume, in my book series of “Collected Papers”, includes 100 published and unpublished articles, notes, (preliminary) drafts containing just ideas to be further investigated, scientific souvenirs, scientific blogs, project proposals, small experiments, solved and unsolved problems and conjectures, updated or alternative versions of previous papers, short or long humanistic essays, letters to the editors...

Excerpt Details
This short technical paper advocates a bootstrapping algorithm from which we can form a statistically reliable opinion based on limited clinically observed data, regarding whether an osteo-hyperplasia could actually be a case of Ewing’s osteosarcoma. The basic premise underlying our methodology is that a primary bone tumour, if it is indeed Ewing’s osteosarcoma, cannot increase in volume beyond some critical limit without showing metastasis. We propose a statistical method to extrapolate such critical limit to primary tumour volume. Our model does not involve any physiological variables but rather is entirely based on time series observations of increase in primary tumour volume from the point of initial detection to the actual detection of metastases....

Table of Contents Details
Collected Eclectic Ideas - preface by the author.............................3 Contents....................................................6 ASTRONOMY..................................14 1. First Lunar Space Base, project proposal, by V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache..15 2. On Recent Discovery of New Planetoids in the Solar System and Quantization of Celestial System, by V. Christianto, F. Smarandache..................28 3. Open and Solved Elementary Questions in Astronomy, by Florentin Smarandache.. 36 BIOLOGY......................................40 4. Statistical Modeling of Primary Ewing Tumors of the Bone, by Sreepurna Malakar, Florentin Smarandache, Sukanto Bhattacharya, in in , Vol. 3, No. JJ05, 81-88, 2005................41 CALCULUS....................................53 5. A Triple Inequality with Series and Improper Integrals, by Florentin Smarandache, in Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 25E, No. 1, 215-217, 2006.........54 6. Immediate Calculation of Some Poisson Type Integrals Using SuperMathematics Circular Ex-Centric Functions, by Florentin Smarandache & Mircea Eugen................................