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Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) complex, which include: M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. bovis BCG, M. africanum, M. microti, M. canetti, M. pinipedii, M. caprae and M. mungi [1]. Other Tuberculosise that may infect humans include: M. leprae, M. avium, M. intracellulare and M. scrofulaceum. M. tuberculosis is an aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacillus. It belongs to the family Tuberculosisceae [2]. M. tuberculosis is pathogenic for humans while M. bovis is usually pathogenic for animals. Once infected, active disease develops in about 10% of cases, usually within 1 - 2 years after exposure. The remaining individuals enter into a state of latency which can reactivate at a later stage particularly if the individual becomes immunocompromised [3]. Active TB is predominantly pulmonary in nature and develops in 59% of cases, while extrapulmonary TB occurs in the rest. Latent TB infection has no clinical manifestations and is not contagious, but can reactivate at a later stage, particularly if the immunity of the host decreases significantly [3,4]. Immunocompromised patients ...

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This book, ‘INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICT: International Legal Framework Concerning Women and Children’, seeks to assess the application of customs and laws governing the internal armed conflict. This handbook presents an overview of various international instruments for the protection of women and children. By preventing the transcending of conflicts into brutality and savagery, the law of armed conflict aids the restoration of peace and the resumption of friendly relations. Women and children are opined to be accorded special respect and protection. Most of today’s conflicts take place within states. They have tragic feature in common, women and children suffer their impact disproportionately. The concept of children’s rights has widened and the international mandate to reinforce the rights of the child has grown over the years, with the mounting evidence of hardship and abuse suffered by the children. The principles outlined in the international human rights framework apply both to children and adults. Children and women are mentioned explicitly in many of the human rights instruments; standards are specifically modified o...

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En la redacción de un blog, que inició muy genérico, sin presupuesto y que tampoco generaba ingresos, empezamos a notar una similitud entre algunos tópicos de medicina y biología, y otros de negocios. Sin ánimos de usarlo como una estrategia de mercadeo, encontramos que la investigación es como el sexo, porque hay que hacerlo para entenderlo, el desarrollo es como un juego, porque uno debe cambiar las variables hasta encontrar la combinación correcta, y la innovación es como el punk rock, porque no debe temer al fracaso, debe ser tangencial y no debe tener miedo de retar a lo ortodoxo....

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De acuerdo con la Contraloría General de la República de Panamá, en el 2011 el pais contaba con un total de 5,551 médicos, 4,744 enfermeras, 1,171 laboratoristas clínicos, 1,114 odontólogos, 757 farmacéuticos, 257 fisioterapistas y 153 nutricionistas en ejercicio en instituciones públicas de salud.(1) No hay cifras sobre la cantidad de profesionales sanitarios en ejercicio privado exclusivo, pero hay 663 clínicas y hospitales, 250 farmacias y 124 laboratorios clínicos privados, aproximadamente, en todo el país. En Panamá, la mayoría de los profesionales de la salud se ve forzado a trabajar en las prácticas institucional y privada para solventar los gastos propios de una agonizante clase media y de un proceso académico en inflación. Este último fenómero lo comparten la mayor parte de los países del mundo occidental. Nuestro interés de investigar sobre el aspecto empresarial de la atención sanitaria provino de la experiencia al concebir, emprender y operar un pequeño laboratorio de patología en la provincia de Chiriquí, una región predominantemente rural de la República de Panamá, adyacente a Costa Rica. Iniciamos en julio del...

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Primera parte 1) Leyes de Loeb 2) Navaja de Occam 3) Adyacente posible 4) Crecimiento -versus- Desarrollo 5) Percepción estética 6) La investigación es como el sexo Segunda parte 7) Juegos que no son juego 8) Poder 9) ¡Hágalo usted mismo! 10) 10,000 horas 11) Nuestras redes 12) El secreto de vivir es compartir 13) Ensuciarse las manos Tercera parte 14) La paradoja sanitaria 15) Innovación 16) Salud 2.0 17) Incompetentes e insoportables 18) Equipos innovadores, no genios solitarios 19) Serendipia y sincronicidad Cuarta parte 20) Arenas movedizas 21) Alma corporativa 22) La confianza es un bien 23) Grandes recompensas, grandes errores 24) Cisnes negros ...

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Unknown to most people, Diabetes is not just a single disease but rather a group of complex diseases which have stemmed from various causes resulting in people having an above average blood glucose count or more commonly know as hyperglycemia. Diabetes affects all gender and age groups and is very common among people with a prolonged medical history of high blood pressure, heart ailments and kidney problems among others. Besides adults, children are also affected with this disease which clearly states that Diabetes itself may not only be a matter of eating the wrong diet, but may even be caused by hereditary genes that may be a sign of receive genetically traits passed on from one generation to the next and being triggered by the simple reason as indulging in a bad dietary habit or even an onset of some diseases....

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Sometimes, over complacency may get the best of most of us, particularly those who resolve themselves for not feeling anything that may give them the urge to visit a doctor unless they feel that there is something wrong with them, which in most cases may be a little bit too late for preventive medications. Over time, high blood glucose level damages nerves and blood vessels, leading to complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, dental disease, and amputations. Other complications of diabetes may include increased susceptibility to other diseases, loss of mobility with aging, depression, and pregnancy problems. No one is certain what starts the processes that cause diabetes, but scientists believe genes and environmental factors interact to cause diabetes in most cases. There are two types of Diabetes that are prevalent among people today, which is type 1 and type 2 Diabetes along with a third type which is called gestational diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. Other uncategorized Diabetes are usually caused through genetic inheritance, diseases that cause the pancreas to produce an insufficient supply...

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Chapter 1: Causes of Diabetes: Maintaining a Well Balanced Diet Chapter 2: Sweet Temptations: How to Balance Your Blood Sugar Chapter 3: It's All in the Mind: Self Realization and Self Denial Chapter 4: The Beginning of Something New Chapter 5: Beating the Odds: Winning Over Your Fear Chapter 6: Controlling Diabetes the Natural Way...

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In her introduction to the 1974 edition, Joan Quixley, then head of the Nightingale School of Nursing, wrote that despite the passage of time since Notes on Nursing was published, "the book astonishes one with its relevance to modern attitudes and skills in nursing, whether this be practised at home by the 'ordinary woman', in hospital or in the community. The social, economic and professional differences of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in no way hinder the young student or pupil from developing, if he or she is motivated to do so, its unchanged fundamentals by way of intelligent thought and practice". "With its mid-nineteenth century background of poverty, neglect, ignorance and prejudice the book was a challenge to contemporary views of nursing, of nurses and of the patient". "The book was the first of its kind ever to be written. It appeared at a time when the simple rules of health were only beginning to be known, when its topics were of vital importance not only for the well-being and recovery of patients, when hospitals were riddled with infection, when nurses were still mainly regarded as ignorant, uneducated person...

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The book included advice and practices for the following areas: ventilation and warming health in houses petty management (how things are done by others when you must be away) noise variety (environment) taking food and what kinds of food bed and bedding light cleanliness of rooms personal cleanliness chattering hopes and advices (the false assurances and recommendations of family and friends to the sick) observation of the sick ...

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Excerpt: The least that Findlayson, of the Public Works Department, expected was a C.I.E.; he dreamed of a C.S.I.: indeed, his friends told him that he deserved more. For three years he had endured heat and cold, disappointment, discomfort, danger, and disease, with responsibility almost too heavy for one pair of shoulders; and day by day, through that time, the great Kashi Bridge over the Ganges had grown under his charge. Now, in less than three months, if all went well, his Excellency the Viceroy would open the bridge in state, an archbishop would bless it, and the first trainload of soldiers would come over it, and there would be speeches....

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Contents THE BRIDGE-BUILDERS ............................................................................................................. 4 A WALKING DELEGATE............................................................................................................. 34 THE SHIP THAT FOUND HERSELF......................................................................................... 53 THE TOMB OF HIS ANCESTORS ............................................................................................ 68 THE DEVIL AND THE DEEP SEA ............................................................................................. 98 WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR ................................................................................................ 119 PART I ........................................................................................................................................... 119 PART II.......................................................................................................................................... 132 ?007 ......................................................................................

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Excerpt: Mugby Junction by Charles Dickens.

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Excerpt: ?Let the boys have it if they like it,? said Mrs. Garrow, pleading to her only daughter on behalf of her two sons. ?Pray don?t, mamma,? said Elizabeth Garrow. ?It only means romping. To me all that is detestable, and I am sure it is not the sort of thing that Miss Holmes would like.? ?We always had it at Christmas when we were young.? ?But, mamma, the world is so changed.?...

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In fondo, tutti crediamo nel grande amore, quell’unione che cambia la vita per sempre e che la trasforma in un sogno di fedeltà, rispetto, gioco e complicità. E’ come se fossimo intimamente programmati a cercare nel partner qualcosa di più che una semplice occasione riproduttiva. La Natura ci ha dotati di tutti gli strumenti necessari per procedere lungo il ciclo della riproduzione della Vita, ma invece di fornirci anche gli strumenti per un solido rapporto di coppia, ci ha dotati soltanto del sogno e dell’aspirazione a realizzarlo. Realizzare questo sogno non è compito della Natura, ma è compito delle Persone che desiderano imparare ad amarsi, amare ed essere amate....

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Their Mutual Child (aka The Coming of Bill and The White Hope) is full of the loveable characters, preposterous situations, and opportunities to chuckle, if not outright laughs, that we expect from PG Wodehouse. It lacks the frantic slapstick of some Wodehouse comedy, but has a quieter more reflective humour. Kirk, the erstwhile hero, is a typical Wodehousian hero. At the beginning of the story, he is thoroughly likeable, a healthy, but a somewhat weak and malleable fellow. He dabs at beings a painter for a living, and runs with a gang of hangers-on, who sponge off him. However, his life changes dramatically when he meets the charming and lovely Ruth. Ruth is out of Kirk's league socially and financially. She possesses an exceedingly rich father and an excessively dominant and eccentric aunt, Miss Laura Delane Porter. Miss Porter’s claim to fame is her authorship of books and pamphlets aimed at bettering the world through hygiene and eugenics (the highly questionable “science” of race improvement by restricting mating to superior types deemed suited to each other). Against her father’s strong objections, but with Aunt Laura's approv...

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Comedy

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A good candidate for 'the most under-appreciated work by Mark Twain' would be 'The Treaty With China,' which he published in the New York Tribune in 1868. This piece, which is an early statement of Twain's opposition to imperialism and which conveys his vision of how the U.S. ought to behave on the global stage, has not been reprinted since its original publication until now. (the online, open-access Journal of Transnational American Studies published it in the spring, 2010). (Introduction by Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Twain scholar and Director of American Studies at Stanford University, used by permission) (Transcription by Martin Zehr for the Journal of Transnational American Studies, American Cultures and Global Contexts Center, UC Santa Barbara - http://escholarship.org/uc/acgcc_jtas)...

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History

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1862 Anna Leonowens accepted an offer made by the Siamese consul in Singapore, Tan Kim Ching, to teach the wives and children of Mongkut, king of Siam. The king wished to give his 39 wives and concubines and 82 children a modern Western education on scientific secular lines, which earlier missionaries' wives had not provided. Leonowens sent her daughter Avis to school in England, and took her son Louis with her to Bangkok. She succeeded Dan Beach Bradley, an American missionary, as teacher to the Siamese court. Leonowens served at court until 1867, a period of nearly six years, first as a teacher and later as language secretary for the king. Although her position carried great respect and even a degree of political influence, she did not find the terms and conditions of her employment to her satisfaction, and came to be regarded by the king himself as a rather difficult woman. In 1868 Leonowens was on leave for her health in England and had been negotiating a return to the court on better terms when Mongkut fell ill and died. The king mentioned Leonowens and her son in his will, though they did not receive the legacy. The new monarc...

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Memoirs, Travel

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Henrik Ibsen's The Master Builder, first published in 1892, is about architect Halvard Solness, who despite personal tragedy (including the death of his two sons) has risen to the top of his profession. He has succeeded partly through ruthless competition and exploitation and partly through a seeming ability to force his will on others. His unhappy wife Aline mourns for their lost life, and resents his interest in various young women, including his bookkeeper Kaia Fosli. Solness disregards the ambitions of other architects, including Knut Brovik and his son Ragnar, and seeks solace in the advice of family physician and friend Dr. Herdal. With the entrance of Hilda Wangel, a young woman whom he met as a child ten years ago, his life acquires a new focal point, one that will mean the end of him. (Summary by Elizabeth Klett)...

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Play, Tragedy

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Excerpt: Advertisement. The story of ?Catherine,? which appeared in Fraser?s Magazine in 1839-40, was written by Mr. Thackeray, under the name of Ikey Solomons, Jun., to counteract the injurious influence of some popular fictions of that day, which made heroes of highwaymen and burglars, and created a false sympathy for the vicious and criminal....

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Excerpt: THE PREFACE; If ever the story of any private Man?s Adventures in the World were worth making Publick, and were acceptable when Publish?d, the Editor of this Account thinks this will be so. The Wonders of this Man?s Life exceed all that (he thinks)is to be found extant; the Life of one Man being scarce capable of a greater Variety. The Story is told with Modesty, with Seriousness, and with a religious Application of Events to the Uses to which wise Men always apply them (viz.) to the Instruction of others by this Example, and to justify and honour the Wisdom of Providence in all the Variety of our Circumstances, let them happen how they will. The Editor believes the thing to be a just History of Fact; neither is there any Appearance of Fiction in it: And however thinks, because all such things are dispatch?d, that the Improvement of it, as well to the Diversion, as to the Instruction of the Reader, will be the same; and as such, he thinks, without father Compliment to the World, he does them a great Service in the Publication....

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Table of Contents: THE PREFACE, 1 -- THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF ROBINSON CRUSOE, &c., 2 -- THE JOURNAL., 51

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Excerpt: It was about the beginning of September, 1664, that I, mong the rest of my neighbors, heard in ordinary dis course that the plague was returned again in Holland; for it had been very violent there, and particularly at Amsterdam and Rotterdam, in the year 1663, whither, they say, it was brought, some said from Italy, others from the Levant, among some goods which were brought home by their Turkey fleet; others said it was brought from Candia; others from Cyprus. It mattered not from whence it came; but all agreed it was come into Holland again....

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A manual how to make ointments with a list of oils and effective recipes. all can be easily made at home and will help you to stay healthy. Natural cosmetic which doesn't contain any chemicals and biodegradable herbal soaps....

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A collection of dishes that children love and are fast to cook. It contains recipes from Thailand, Burma and Germany. As the author's son has Celiac disease plus Glutaric Acidemia most dishes are Gluten-free....

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Soups: Goulash soup Potato soup Yellow Lentil soup Salads: spicy egg salad Seafood: Sweet spicy fish Chicken: Chicken curry with apples Pumpkin Curry .......

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Introduction: Benjamin Franklin was born in Milk Street, Boston, on January 6, 1706. His father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler who married twice, and of his seventeen children Benjamin was the youngest son. His schooling ended at ten, and at twelve he was bound apprentice to his brother James, a printer, who published the ?New England Courant.? To this journal he became a contributor, and later was for a time its nominal editor....

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The Poor Little Rich Girl is a children’s fantasy about a little girl named Gwendolyn who is lonely and longs for a friend. But she is isolated by rich parents who ignore her and left to the care of servants who are indifferent. Her nanny’s carelessness with some medicine plunges Gwendolyn into a bewildering world in which metaphors literally come to life. (Summary by Susan Umpleby)...

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Children