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...The main motivation and desire for writing this book, is the direct appreciation and attraction towards the Smarandache notions in general and Smarandache algebraic structures in particular. The Smarandache semigroups exhibit properties of both a group and a semigroup simultaneously. This book is a piece of work on Smarandache semigroups and assumes t...

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... American Research Press Rehoboth 2002 2 This book can be ordered in a paper bound reprint from: Books on Demand ProQuest In... ... ISBN: 1-931233-59-4 Standard Address Number: 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America 3 ... ... Some Preliminary results 14 2.4 Subgroups 15 3. Some Classical Theorems in Group Theory 3.1 Lagrange's Theorem 21 3.2 Cauchy's Theorems ... ... Maclane, A Brief Survey of Modern Algebra, 2 nd Edition, New York, Macmillan, 1965. 2. Padilla Raul, Smarandache algebraic structures, Bull of P... ...clane. S, A Brief Survey of Modern Algebra, 2 nd Edition, New York, Macmillan, 1965. 2. Hall, Marshall, Theory of Groups, New York, The Macmillia...

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...e years since publishing, we have obtained many new results related to the Smarandache problems. We are happy to have the opportunity to present them in this book for the enjoyment of a wider audience of readers. The problems in Chapter two have also been solved and published separately by the authors, but it makes sense to collate them here so that they can be better seen...

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...EXIS Phoenix, USA 2004 Copyright 2004 by Mladen V. Vassilev{Missana, Krassimir T. Atanassov ISBN 1-931233-89-6 Standard Address Number 297-5092 Printe... ...ated to the Smarandache problems. We are happy to havetheopportunitytopresenttheminthisbookfortheenjoyment of a wider audience of readers. The problem... ...in Chapter two have also been solved and pub- lished separately by the authors, but it makes sense to collate them here so that they can be better see... ...s problems. Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 9, 2003, No. 4, 99-104. [42] Yosida K., Functional Analysis, Springer-Verlag, Berlin...

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...ry has put forth a significant concept by giving representation to indeterminates. Uncertainty or indeterminacy happen to be one of the major factors in almost all real-world problems. When uncertainty is modeled we use fuzzy theory and when indeterminacy is involved we use neutrosophic theory. Most of the fuzzy models which deal with the analysis and study of unsupervised...

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...ute of Technology, Madras Chennai – 600036, India e-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in web: http://mat.iitm.ac.in/~wbv Florentin Smarandache Departmen... ... HEXIS Church Rock 2004 2 This book can be ordered in a paper bound reprint from: Books on Demand ProQuest Inf... ... ISBN: 1-931233-87-X Standard Address Number: 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America 3 CONTENTS P r e f a c e ... ...r are the main source of vote bank and finance G 3 - Free and compulsory education for children G 4 - No proper punishment given by Government t... ... - Sympathetic public P 4 - Motivation by teachers to children to pursue education P 5 - Perpetuating slavery and caste bias. Taking the expe... ..., On Eulerian and Hamiltonian graphs and line graphs, Canada Math Bull, 8 (1965) 701-710. 23. Harary, F., Graph Theory, Addison-Wesley, 1969. 24. ...

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...e prezentate chiar la congrese si conferinse nasionale cat si internasionale [vezi "Lista publicasiilor autorului pe tema tezei"). Ea se structureazs in patru capitole: - in primele trei capi tole se introduc noi funsii in teoria numerelor, se studiazs proprietssile lor, probleme nerezol vate legate de ele, implicasii in lumea stiinsific! internasional! (ce alsi matematici...

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...stitute of Technology, Madras Chennai – 600036, India e-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in web: http://mat.iitm.ac.in/~wbv Florentin Smarandache Depar... ... HEXIS Church Rock 2004 2 This book can be ordered in a paper bound reprint from: Books on Demand ProQuest... ... ISBN: 1-931233-86-1 Standard Address Number: 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America 3 CONTENTS D e d i c a t i o... ...s on that day. 4. Only one had completed his school finals. All others have no education for they have to learn the trade while very young. 5. The... ...up 0-5 years and 50% are in the are group 6-14 years and even the basic primary education is denied to them. They have become bonded labourers for ... ... a possession of them in true sense. We study the role played by politicians, educationalists, social workers, human right workers and above all t... ...ell as the amount of waste gas flow which causes pollution in environment. In 1965, Lofti Zadeh [115, 116] wrote his famous paper formally definin... ... the intuitionistic fuzzy set. The fuzzy set (FS) was introduced by L. Zadeh in 1965, where each element had a degree of membership. The intuition...

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...t FRE and its applications. We have given only those papers which we could access and which interested us specially. We have taken those papers which in our opinion could be transformed for neutrosophic study....

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...stitute of Technology, Madras Chennai – 600036, India e-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in web: http://mat.iitm.ac.in/~wbv Florentin Smarandache Depar... ... HEXIS Church Rock 2004 2 This book can be ordered in a paper bound reprint from: Books on Demand ProQuest... ... ISBN: 1-931233-86-1 Standard Address Number: 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America 3 CONTENTS D e d i c a t i o... ...s on that day. 4. Only one had completed his school finals. All others have no education for they have to learn the trade while very young. 5. The... ...up 0-5 years and 50% are in the are group 6-14 years and even the basic primary education is denied to them. They have become bonded labourers for ... ... a possession of them in true sense. We study the role played by politicians, educationalists, social workers, human right workers and above all t... ...ell as the amount of waste gas flow which causes pollution in environment. In 1965, Lofti Zadeh [115, 116] wrote his famous paper formally definin... ... the intuitionistic fuzzy set. The fuzzy set (FS) was introduced by L. Zadeh in 1965, where each element had a degree of membership. The intuition...

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...K.R.Narayanan was a lauded hero and a distinguished victim of his Dalit background. Even in an international platform when he was on an official visit to Paris, the media headlines blazed, ‘An Untouchable at Elysee’. He was visibly upset and it proved that a Dalit who rose up to such heights was never spared from...

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...EWS ON UNTOUCHABILITY W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy e-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in web: http://mat.iitm.ac.in/~wbv Florentin Smarandache e-mail:... ...andasamy HEXIS Phoenix, Arizona 2005 2 This book can be ordered in a paper bound reprint from: Books on Deman... ...m ISBN: 1931233-00-4 Standard Address Number: 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America 3 PERIYAR, THE P... ...s 43 2.2 Analysis of discrimination faced by Dalits/ Sudras in the field of education as untouchables using FCMs and NCMs 58 2.3 Social inequal... ... has more to do with feelings. Like political scenario, child labor, child's education, parent-children model, symptom-disease model, personality-m... ...In section two, the discrimination faced by Dalits and Sudras in the field of education is studied. In section three, we analyze the social inequali... ...di agitation that claimed hundreds of lives in the few weeks from 25 January 1965 to 15 February 1965, the Dravidar Munnetra Kazhagam won the state... ...ast concern to do justice to SC/ST. SC% in Central Government Services 1965 1995 Class I 1.64 10.12 Class II 2.82 12.67 Class III 8.88 16.1... ...Sweepers * 44.34 Grand Total 13.17 18.71 * Figures relating to sweepers in 1965 are not available and included in the figures for class IV. ...

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...In this book, we study the subject of Smarandache Fuzzy Algebra. Originally, the revolutionary theory of Smarandache notions was born as a paradoxist movement that challenged the status quo of existing mathematics. The genesi...

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...e of Technology Madras Chennai – 600 036, India e-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in web: http://mat.iitm.ac.in/~wbv AMERICAN RESEA... ...th their liberal intersections, describe Smarandache algebraic structures. In fact, Smarandache Algebra, like its predecessor, Fuzzy Algebra, arose f... ... which is an amalgamation of alternatives. This book can be ordered in a paper bound reprint from: Books on Demand ProQuest Informat... ....3 Problems 431 References 433 Index 443 5 PREFACE In 1965, Lofti A. Zadeh introduced the notion of a fuzzy subset of a set as a... ...us properties in fuzzy algebraic structures. 1.1 Fuzzy Subsets In 1965 Zadeh [144] mathematically formulated the fuzzy subset concept. He def... .... BEIDLEMAN, J.C., Quasi regularity in near-rings, Math. Z., 89, 224-229 (1965). 23. BHAKAT, Sandeep Kumar and DAS, P., Fuzzy subrings and ideals r...

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...The study of Smarandache Algebraic Structure was initiated in the year 1998 by Raul Padilla following a paper written by Florentin Smarandache called “Special Algebraic Structures”. In his research, Padilla treated the Smarandache algebraic structures mainly with associative binary o...

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...3 e 3 0 4 4 2 5 2 5 e 5 5 5 1 4 1 4 1 e 2 This book can be ordered in a paper bound reprint from: Books on Demand ProQuest Info... ... ISBN: 1-931233-61-6 Standard Address Number: 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America 3 ... ...s Properties 16 2. Groupoids and its Properties 2.1 Special Properties in Groupoids 19 2.2 Substructures in Groupoids 21 2.3 Some Special Pr... .... Maclane, A Brief Survey of Modern Algebra, New York, The Macmillan and Co. (1965). 2. R. H. Bruck, A Survey of Binary Systems, Springer Verlag,... .... Maclane, A Brief Survey of Modern Algebra, New York, The Macmillan and Co. (1965). 2. R. H. Bruck, A Survey of Binary Systems, Springer Verlag,...

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...equalities for the remarkable elements of triangles or tetrahedrons. Other themes have an arithmetic character (as 9-12) on number theoretic problems in Geometry. Chapter 2 includes various diophantine equations, some of which are treatable by elementary methods; others are partial solutions of certain unsolved problems. An important method is based on the famous Euler-Bel...

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... American Research Press Rehoboth 2002 This book can be ordered in microfilm format from: Books on Demand ... ... ISBN: 1-931233-51-9 Standard Address Number 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America "...It is just this, which gives the hi... ...themes have an arithmetic character (as 9-12) on number theoretic problems in Geometry. Chapter 2 includes various diophantine equations, some of whic... ...numbers, Oxford 1964. 4. C.A. Nicol, Problem E1674, Amer. Math. Monthly 72(1965), 186. 5. A. Oppenheim, Problem 5591, Amer. Math. Monthly 75(1968), 55... ...inequalities, Springer Verlag, 1970. 4. S. Philipp, Amer. Math. Monthly 72(1965). 5. G. P olya and G. Szeg o, Aufgaben und Lehrs atze aus der Analy... .... A. Froda, Sur des familles de crit eres d’irrationalit e , Math. Z. 89(1965), 126-136. 2. G.H. Hardy, E.M. Wright, An introduction to the theory o...

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...The purpose of this book is to postulate some theories and test them numerically. Estimation is often a difficult task and it has wide application in social sciences and financial market. In order to obtain the optimum efficiency for some classes of estimators, we have devoted this book into three specialized sections: Part 1. In this section we have studied a class of ...

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...H. P. Singh, S. Singh, F. Smarandache RANDOMNESS AND OPTIMAL ESTIMATION IN DATA SAMPLING (second edition) American Research Pres... ...H. P. Singh, S. Singh, F. Smarandache RANDOMNESS AND OPTIMAL ESTIMATION IN DATA SAMPLING (second edition) Dr. Mohammad Khoshnev... ... American Research Press Rehoboth 2002 3 This book can be ordered in microfilm format from: ProQuest Information & Learning (U... ... 45 encountered when one needs to measure the economic status or the level of education of individuals, see Salabh (1997) and Sud and Srivastava (2... ...   = ∑∑ ∑∑ q i p q i i i q i p q i i i i i i g x x y ω ω µ µ ω µ [Srivastava (1965) and Rao a n d M u d h a l k a r ( 1 9 6 7 ) ] () () co... ...e population. Jour. Ind. Soc. Agri. Statist., 19, (2) 1-10. Srivastava, S.K. (1965): An estimator of the mean of a finite population using several a...

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...Graphs and matrices play a vital role in the analysis and study of several of the real world problems which are based only on unsupervised data. The fuzzy and neutrosophic tools like fuzzy cognitive maps invented by Kosko and neutrosophic cognitive maps introduc...

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...itute of Technology, Madras Chennai – 600036, India e-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in web: http://mat.iitm.ac.in/~wbv Florentin Smarandache Departm... ...@gmail.com HEXIS Phoenix, Arizona 2005 2 This book can be ordered in a paper bound reprint from: Books on Deman... ...s.htm ISBN: 1931233-98-5 Standard Address Number: 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America 3 CONTENTS Preface ... ...p with a lot of money as they hoard black money) G 3 – Free and compulsory education for children G 4 – No proper punishment by the government ... ... – Sympathetic public P 4 – Motivation by teachers to children to pursue education P 5 – Perpetuating slavery and caste bias. 133 Taking... ... and equal food and medical care that the boy babies receive, leave alone the education. Girl babies die more often than boy babies even though medi... ...07-119, 2000. 185. Zadeh, L.A. Fuzzy Sets, Inform. and control, 8, 338-353, 1965. 186. Zelinksy, D. A first course in Linear Algebra, Academic P...

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Cyclopedia of issues in economics analyzed through the prism of the economies of countries in transition, emerging markets, and developing countries.

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... All rights reserved. This book, or any part thereof, may not be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission from: Lidija Rangelovs... ... and Musings: http://philosophos.tripod.com The Silver Lining – Ethical Dilemmas in Modern Films http://samvak.tripod.com/film.html Download f... ... another's right - should never be confused with one SHOULD or OUGHT to do morally (in the absence of a right). The right to life has eight distinc... ... the rights a child has against his parents: food, shelter, emotional nourishment, education, and so on. It is debatable whether such rights of the... ...nd this contract continue well after pregnancy has ended and birth given. Consider education: children do not appreciate its importance or value it... ...us anarchism (Leo Tolstoy), anarcho- communism (Kropotkin) and anarcho-syndicalism, educational anarchism (Paul Goodman), and communitarian anarchis... ...owing the name of something and knowing something." Richard Feynman, Physicist and 1965 Nobel Prize laureate (1918-1988) "You have all I dare say ... ...owing the name of something and knowing something." Richard Feynman, Physicist and 1965 Nobel Prize laureate (1918-1988) "You have all I dare say ... ...t, Lasch has undergone a major transformation. In "The New Radicalism in America" (1965), he decried religion as a source of obfuscation. "The reli...

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...In a world of chaotic alignments, traditional logic with its strict boundaries of truth and falsity has not imbued itself with the capability of reflecting the reality. Despite various attempts to reorient logic, there has re...

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...e of Technology, Madras Chennai – 600036, India E-mail: vasantha@iitm.ac.in Florentin Smarandache Department of Mathematics University of N... ...nity Mobilization and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic. This book can be ordered in a paper bound reprint from: Books on Demand ProQuest Inform... ... ISBN: 1-931233-76-4 Standard Address Number: 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America 3 CONTENTS Dedication 4 Preface 5... ...s more to do with feelings. Like political scenario, child labor, child's education, parent-children model, symptom-disease model, personality-medici... ...ME DESCRIPTION Illiteracy rate Adult illiteracy rate (% 1990) Elementary education Elementary education (% of age group, 1989) Secondary education ... ...Elementary education (% of age group, 1989) Secondary education Secondary education (% of age group, 1989) Higher education Higher education (% of a... ...growth of GNP per capita GNP per capita (average annual rate of growth, 1965–1990) Agriculture as % of GDP Agriculture as % of GDP (1990) Exports...

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...A combinatorial map is a connected topological graph cellularly embedded in a surface. As a linking of combinatorial configuration with the classical mathematics, it fascinates more and more mathematician’s interesting. Its function and role in mathematics are widely accepted by mathematicians tod...

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...iences American Research Press Rehoboth, NM 2005 This book can be ordered in a paper bound reprint from: Books on Demand ProQuest Information & Learn... ...erformats.htm ISBN:1-931233-92-6 Standard Address Number: 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America Preface A combinatorial map is a connected... ...e A combinatorial map is a connected topological graph cellularly embedded in a surface. As a linking of combinatorial configuration with the classical... ...isms ofcompact Riemannsurfaces, Proc.London Math.Soc., vol.15,No.3,699-712(1965). [40] A.Malnic, Group action,coverings and lifts of automorphisms, Di... ...] MantredoP.deCarmao, Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Pearson Education asia Ltd (2004). [43] L.F.Mao, A census of maps on surface with g...