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...Aims and Scope: The International J.Mathematical Combinatorics (ISSN 1937-1055) is a fully refereed international journal, and published quarterly comprising 100-150 pages approx. per volume, which publishes original research papers and survey articles in all a...

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...Aims and Scope: The International J.Mathematical Combinatorics (ISSN 1937-1055) is a fully refereed international journal, and published quarterly comprising 100-150 pages approx. per volume, which publishes original research papers and survey articles in all a...

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...Progress in Physics has been created for publications on advanced studies in theoretical and experimental physics, including related themes from mathematics. All submitted papers should be professional, in good English, containing a brie...

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...The Journal on Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Experimental Physics, including Related Themes from Mathematics PROGRESSINPHYSICS A quar... ...is peer reviewed and included in the abstracting and indexing coverage of: Mathematical Reviews and MathSciNet (AMS, USA), DOAJ of Lund University (Sw... ... Mexico, 200 College Road, Gallup, NM 87301, USA Copyright c Progress in Physics, 2005 All rights reserved. Any part of Progress in Physics howsoeve... ...ate citation of this journal. Authors of articles published in Progress in Physics retain their rights to use their own articles in any other publicat... .... . . . . . . . . 113 Information for Authors and Subscribers Progress in Physics has been created for publications on advanced studies in theoretica... ...ard assumptions are incorrect, which I shall demonstrate with the required mathematical rigour. Contrary to the usual practise, one cannot talk about ... ... 0 =0 in (18) purely and simply by its invalid initial assumptions, not by mathematical imperative. It incor- rectly assumes p C n (r)≡R p (r)≡r, then... ...ly, the Kruskal-Szekeres formulation is meanin- gless, both physically and mathematically. In addition, the so-called “Schwarzschild radius” (not due ... ...as long ago as 1917, by T. Levi-Civita [20], on the grounds that, from the mathematical standpoint, it lacks the invariant character actually required...

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...e probability of complete financial ruin for the trader but no meaningful mathematical expression can model this case under the assumption of logari... ...so been theoretical advances in the esoteric area of econophysics whereby mathematical analogs have been proposed and substantiated between utility ... ...amics in so far as that both neoclassical economics and classical thermal physics seek to model natural systems in terms of solutions to constrained... ... logic based on behavioral reasoning, supported in most parts by rigorous mathematical exposition or numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis. T... ...isk classification is proposed – neutrosophic logic being a new branch of mathematical logic which allows for a three-way generalization of binary f... ...ogue – options-based portfolio insurance. In this chapter we propose and mathematically prove a theorem which we have named the “theorem of consiste... ...Entropy and Bayesian Methods in Inverse Problems: Fundamental Theories of Physics, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Holland, 1985. Hull, J. C. Optio...

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...and Élan Vitale is misplaced: Natural Selection IS the vital power itself. Modern Physics is converging with Philosophy (possibly with the philoso... ...ble. We have a corporeal body. It is a physical entity, subject to all the laws of physics. Yet, we experience ourselves, our internal lives, exter... ...n not know the "true nature" of anything. This is the realm of metaphysics, not of physics. Take Quantum Mechanics. It provides an astonishingly a... ...ro-processes and of the Universe without saying much about their "essence". Modern physics strives to provide correct predictions - rather than to ... ...xample of which is the spreadsheet). Data items were related to each other through mathematical formulas. This is the equivalent of the increasing ... ... or end and what, precisely, does it include? A fractal curve (boundary) is an apt mathematical treatment of this question. Indeterminacy can be de... ...ts). His space-time is a four dimensional continuum. What commenced as a matter of mathematical convenience was transformed into a hallowed doctrin... ...al systems (better known as "Chaos Theory") has also violated long held notions of mathematical continuity. The sets of solutions of many mathemati... ...gers. This set has a boundary and will react in the same way, simultaneously, to a mathematical action (say, to a multiplication by a constant). Bu...

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...c logic grew as an alternative to the existing logics and it represents a mathematical model of uncertainty, vagueness, ambiguity, imprecision, undef... ...eural networks, and they have powerful and far-reaching consequences as a mathematical tool for modeling complex systems. Prof. Bart Kosko, the guru... ...ct us almost as much as the determined factors. It is a major handicap in mathematical modeling that we are only able to give weightages for known c... ...ng issues are naturally solved, since Time is explicitly expressed in the mathematical equations used to describe the relations between concepts. Ho... ...Only the modifier is used. However, its meaning can be represented in the mathematical expression as (Q i ∪ ~ Q i ) ∩ M i which contains the qua... ...h we will be defining as neutrosophic graphs. The world of theoretical physics discovered graph theory for its own purposes. In the study of stat...

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... j. Prescriptive Powers – The theory must yield policy prescriptions, much like physics yields technology. Economists must develop "economic tec... ...verwhelming empirical evidence to the contrary - simply because it is aesthetic and mathematically convenient. So, what are economic "theories" goo... ...thal falsified all apocalyptic Malthusian scenarios hitherto. Operations research, mathematical modeling, transparent decision making, free trade, ... ...rlying asset at a handsome profit. Without delving too deeply into the model, this mathematical expression works well during trends and fails miser... ...ir value of a security or a market can be derived from available information using mathematical models - but is rarely reflected in prices. This is... ...ected in prices. This is the weak version of the market efficiency hypothesis. The mathematically convenient idealization of the efficient market, ... ...irth to metallurgy, computers to computer science and the transistor to solid state physics. The discoveries of science also lead, though usually c... ...orous requirement which cannot be formalized). Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics which describes the microcosm. It is governed by the Sc... ...hotomy. So, Death, as opposed to inertia or entropy, is not something that modern physics is fully equipped to deal with. Physics, by definition, ...

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...omic models. 1.3.1 Smarandache Markov chains Suppose a physical or a mathematical system is such that at any moment it can occupy one of a fin... ...ers of a set introduced, we have studied the theory of directed graphs to mathematically model the types of sets and relation. On similar lines we ... ... and relation. On similar lines we can introduce the directed bigraphs to mathematically model the types of sets and relation. Example 3.5.1: The... ...ich can be attached to some or all of the entities of a system of study. A mathematical bicode is a bicode with some mathematical structure. In many... ...de with some mathematical structure. In many cases as in case of codes the mathematical structure of a bicodes refers to the fact that it forms a bi... ...hich we will be defining as neutrosophic graphs. The world of theoretical physics discovered graph theory for its own purposes. In the study of sta...

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...neral manifolds, we know that Riemann surfaces have become a source of the mathematical creative power. Many good ideas for the manifolds with higher ... ..., in fact, any solution for one of these problems needs to establish a new mathematical system first. But as soon as the system has been established, t... ...ann geometry, Smarandache ge- ometries, ··· and the mechanics, theoretical physics, ···. For doing this, the most possible way is, perhaps by the comb... ...K.Polthier and M.Schmies, Straightest geodesics on polyhedral surfaces, in Mathematical Visualization(ed. byH.C.HegeandK.Polthier),Springer-Verlag, Be...

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...Research papers presented in this collection manifest only a few of many possible applications of neutrosophic logics to theoretical physics. Most of these applications target the theory of relativity and quantum physics, but other sections of physics are also possible to be considered....

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... S-Denying of the Signature Conditions Expands General Relativity’s Space, by Dmitri Rabounski, Florentin Smarandache, Larissa Borissova, Progress in Physics, 13-19, Vol. 3, 2006.......7 Positive, Neutral, and Negative Mass-Charges in General Relativity, by Larissa Borissova and Florentin Smarandache, Progress in Physics, 51-54, Vol. 3, 2006. .............14 Extensio...

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...Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Latin for "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", often referred to as simply the Principia, is a work in three books by Sir Isaac Newton, first published 5 July 1687. Newton also published two further editions, in 1713 and 172...

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...te Johanne Fjamfle- die, A. R. in Obfervatorio Regio Grenovicenfi, 1725. Mathematical Elements of Natural Philofophy, confirm’d by Experiments, or a...

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...which were presented at the conference but also those papers which were submitted later and are concerned with the Smarandache type problems or other mathematical problems. Other papers are concerned with the number-theoretic Smarandache problems and will enrich the already rich stock of results on them. Readers can learn various techniques used in number theory and will g...

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...g and S. Ma : An e±cient hybrid genetic algorithm for continuous optimization problems 46 L. Mao : An introduction to Smarandache multi-spaces and mathematical combinatorics 54 M. Selariu : Smarandache stepped functions 81 X. Zhang and Y. Zhang : Sequences of numbers with alternate common di®erences 93 Y. Zhang : On the near pseudo Smarandache function 98 A. Muktib...

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...In The 2nd Conference on Combinatorics and Graph Theory of China (Aug. 16-19, 2006, Tianjing), I formally presented a combinatorial conjecture on mathematical sciences (abbreviated to CC Conjecture), i.e., a mathematical science can be reconstructed from or made by combinatorialization, implicated in the foreword of Chapter 5 of my book Automorphism groups of Maps, Sur...

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...mbinatorial principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1.6.1 Proposition in lgic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 1.6.2 Mathematical system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 1.6.3 Combinatorial system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1.7 Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Chapter 2. Algebra...

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...Scientia Magna is published annually in 200-300 pages per volume and 1,000 copies on topics such as mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and linguistics....

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...54321 has 55 inversions, and 1342 has two inversions. So our interest will be of the numbers in Smarandache reverse sequence i.e. (1), because it has mathematical patterns and interesting properties....

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...troduced by Smarandache in under his idea of hybrid mathematics: combining different fields into a unifying field, which can be formally defined with mathematical words by the next definition. ...

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... & F. Smarandache..............................................571 71. About Factorial Sums, by Mihály Bencze and Florentin Smarandache, in Octogon Mathematical Magazine, Bra_ov, Romania, Vol. 15, No. 2, 810-812, 2007.......574 72. Inequalities for Integer and Fractional Parts, by Mihály Bencze, Florentin Smarandache, in “Octogon", Vol. 14, No. 1, 206-211, 2006...........

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... & F. Smarandache..............................................571 71. About Factorial Sums, by Mihály Bencze and Florentin Smarandache, in Octogon Mathematical Magazine, Bra_ov, Romania, Vol. 15, No. 2, 810-812, 2007.......574 72. Inequalities for Integer and Fractional Parts, by Mihály Bencze, Florentin Smarandache, in “Octogon", Vol. 14, No. 1, 206-211, 2006...........