#jsDisabledContent { display:none; } My Account |  Register |  Help

# Complex conjugate

Article Id: WHEBN0000173918
Reproduction Date:

 Title: Complex conjugate Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia Language: English Subject: Collection: Complex Numbers Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia Publication Date:

### Complex conjugate

Geometric representation of z and its conjugate in the complex plane. The complex conjugate is found by reflecting z across the real axis.

In mathematics, the complex conjugate of a complex number is the number with equal real part and imaginary part equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.[1][2] For example, the complex conjugate of 3 + 4i is 3 − 4i.

In polar form, the conjugate of \rho e^{i \phi} is \rho e^{-i \phi}. This can be shown using Euler's formula.

Complex conjugates are important for finding roots of polynomials. According to the complex conjugate root theorem, if a complex number is a root to a polynomial in one variable with real coefficients (such as the quadratic equation or the cubic equation), so is its conjugate.

## Contents

• Notation 1
• Properties 2
• Use as a variable 3
• Generalizations 4
• Notes 6
• References 7

## Notation

The complex conjugate of a complex number z is written as \overline z or z^*\!. The first notation avoids confusion with the notation for the conjugate transpose of a matrix, which can be thought of as a generalization of the complex conjugate. The second is preferred in physics, where dagger is used for the conjugate transpose, while the bar-notation is more common in pure mathematics. If a complex number is represented as a 2×2 matrix, the notations are identical. In some texts, the complex conjugate of a previous known number is abbreviated as "c.c.". For example, writing e^{i \phi}+c.c. means e^{i \phi}+e^{-i \phi}

## Properties

The following properties apply for all complex numbers z and w, unless stated otherwise, and can be proven by writing z and w in the form a + ib.

A significant property of the complex conjugate is that a complex number is equal to its complex conjugate if its imaginary part is zero, that is, if the complex number is real. For any two complex numbers w,z:

\begin{align} \overline{z + w} &= \overline{z} + \overline{w} \\ \overline{z - w} &= \overline{z} - \overline{w} \\ \overline{zw} &= \overline{z} \; \overline{w} \\ \overline{z/w} &= \overline{z}/\overline{w},\quad \text{if } z/w \text{ is defined} \\ \overline{z} &= z ~\Leftrightarrow~ z \in \mathbb{R} \\ \overline{z^n} &= \left(\overline{z}\right)^n,\quad \forall n \in \mathbb{Z} \\ \left| \overline{z} \right| &= \left| z \right| \\ {\left| z \right|}^2 &= z\overline{z} = \overline{z}z \\ \overline{\overline{z}} &= z \\ z^{-1} &= \frac{\overline{z}}{2}
• Imaginary part: y = \operatorname{Im}\,(z) = \dfrac{z - \overline{z}}{2i}
• Modulus (or absolute value): \rho = \left| z \right| = \sqrt {z \overline{z}}
• Argument: e^{i\theta} = e^{i\arg z} = \sqrt {\dfrac{z}{\overline z}}, so \theta = \arg z = \dfrac{1}{i}\ln \sqrt{\frac{z}{\overline z}} = \dfrac{\ln z - \ln \overline z}{2i}
• Thus the pair of variables z\, and \overline{z} also serve up the plane as do x,y and \rho \, and \theta. Furthermore, the \overline{z} variable is useful in specifying lines in the plane:

\{z \mid z \overline{r} + \overline{z} r = 0 \}

is a line through the origin and perpendicular to \overline{r} since the real part of z\cdot\overline{r} is zero only when the cosine of the angle between z\, and \overline{r} is zero. Similarly, for a fixed complex unit u = exp(b i), the equation:

\frac{z - z_0}{\overline{z} - \overline{z_0}} = u

determines the line through z_0\, in the direction of u.

These uses of the conjugate of z as a variable are illustrated in Frank Morley's book Inversive Geometry (1933), written with his son Frank Vigor Morley.

## Generalizations

The other planar real algebras, dual numbers, and split-complex numbers are also explicated by use of complex conjugation.

For matrices of complex numbers \overline{\mathbf{AB}} = (\overline{\mathbf{A}}) (\overline{\mathbf{B}}), where \overline{\mathbf{A}} represents the element-by-element conjugation of \mathbf{A}.[3] Contrast this to the property (\mathbf{AB})^*=\mathbf{B}^* \mathbf{A}^* , where \mathbf{A}^* represents the conjugate transpose of \mathbf{A}.

Taking the conjugate transpose (or adjoint) of complex matrices generalizes complex conjugation. Even more general is the concept of adjoint operator for operators on (possibly infinite-dimensional) complex Hilbert spaces. All this is subsumed by the *-operations of C*-algebras.

One may also define a conjugation for quaternions and coquaternions: the conjugate of a + bi + cj + dk is a - bi - cj - dk.

Note that all these generalizations are multiplicative only if the factors are reversed:

{\left(zw\right)}^* = w^* z^*.

Since the multiplication of planar real algebras is commutative, this reversal is not needed there.

There is also an abstract notion of conjugation for vector spaces V over the complex numbers. In this context, any antilinear map \phi: V \rightarrow V\, that satisfies

1. \phi^2 = \operatorname{id}_V\,, where \phi^2=\phi\circ\phi and \operatorname{id}_V\, is the identity map on V\,,
2. \phi(zv) = \overline{z} \phi(v) for all v\in V\,, z\in{\mathbb C}\,, and
3. \phi(v_1+v_2) = \phi(v_1)+\phi(v_2)\, for all v_1\in V\,, v_2\in V\,,

is called a complex conjugation, or a real structure. As the involution \operatorname{\phi} is antilinear, it cannot be the identity map on V. Of course, \operatorname{\phi} is a \mathbb{R}-linear transformation of V, if one notes that every complex space V has a real form obtained by taking the same vectors as in the original space and restricting the scalars to be real. The above properties actually define a real structure on the complex vector space V.[4] One example of this notion is the conjugate transpose operation of complex matrices defined above. It should be remarked that on generic complex vector spaces there is no canonical notion of complex conjugation.

## Notes

1. ^ Weisstein, Eric W., "Complex Conjugates", MathWorld.
2. ^ Weisstein, Eric W., "Imaginary Numbers", MathWorld.
3. ^ Arfken, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 1985, pg. 201
4. ^ Budinich, P. and Trautman, A. The Spinorial Chessboard. Springer-Verlag, 1988, p. 29

## References

• Budinich, P. and Trautman, A. The Spinorial Chessboard. Springer-Verlag, 1988. ISBN 0-387-19078-3. (antilinear maps are discussed in section 3.3).
This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov, .mil, .edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002.

Crowd sourced content that is contributed to World Heritage Encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles.