List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy:278

The subjects listed below are covered by the 11th chapter, titled "Splanchnology" of the 1918 version of the anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy.

The respiratory apparatus (Template:GraySubject)

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• Apparatus Respiratorius; Respiratory system
• Respiratory apparatus: development of
  • laryngo-tracheal tube
  • lung buds
  • arytenoid swellings
  • furcula of His

The larynx (Template:GraySubject)

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• Larynx

Cartilages of the larynx (cartilagines laryngis)

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• Thyroid cartilage (cartilago thyreoidea)
  • laryngeal prominence (pomum Adami)
  • superior thyroid notch
  • oblique line

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• Thyroid cartilage (cartilago thyreoidea)
  • intrathyroid cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage (cartilago cricoidea)
  • posterior quadrate lamina (lamina cartilaginis cricoideæ; posterior portion)
  • arch (arcus cartilaginis cricoideæ; anterior portion)

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• Arytenoid cartilages (cartilagines arytænoideæ)
  • colliculus
  • crista arcuata
• Corniculate cartilages (cartilagines corniculatæ; cartilages of Santorini)
• Cuneiform cartilages (cartilagines cuneiformes; cartilages of Wrisberg)
• Epiglottis (cartilago epiglottica)
• glossoepiglottic folds
• valleculae

Ligaments

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• Extrinsic Ligaments
  • Hyothyroid membrane (membrana hyothyreoidea; thyrohyoid membrane)

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• Extrinsic Ligaments
  • middle hyothyroid ligament (ligamentum hyothyreoideum medium; middle thyrohyoid ligament)
  • Lateral hyothyroid ligament (ligamentum hyothyreoideum laterale; lateral thyrohyoid ligament)
  • hyoepiglottic ligament (ligamentum hyoepiglotticum)
  • Cricotracheal ligament (ligamentum cricotracheale)
• Intrinsic Ligaments
  • elastic membrane of the larynx

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• Intrinsic Ligaments
  • Conus elasticus (cricothyroid membrane)
  • anterior part or middle cricothyroid ligament (ligamentum cricothyreoideum medium; central part of cricothyroid membrane)
  • posterior cricoarytenoid ligament (ligamentum cricoarytenoideum posterius)
  • thyroepiglottic ligament (ligamentum thyreoepiglotticum)

Interior of the Larynx

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• cavity of the larynx (cavum laryngis)
  • rima glottidis
  • vestibule of larynx
  • ventricles of the larynx

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• entrance of the larynx
  • aryepiglottic fold
  • cuneiform tubercle
• Ventricular folds (plicœ ventriculares; superior or false vocal cords)
  • ventricular ligament
• Vocal folds (plicœ vocales; inferior or true vocal cords)
  • vocal ligaments (ligamenta vocales; inferior thyroarytenoid)

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• Ventricle of the larynx (ventriculus laryngis [Morgagnii]; laryngeal sinus)
  • appendix of the laryngeal ventricle (appendix ventriculi laryngis; laryngeal saccule)
• Rima glottidis

Muscles

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• Cricothyreoideus (Cricothyroid)

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• Cricoarytænoideus posterior (posterior cricoarytenoid)
• Cricoarytænoideus lateralis (lateral cricoarytenoid)
• Arytænoideus
  • Arytænoideus obliquus

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• Arytænoideus
  • Aryepiglotticus
  • Arytænoideus transversus
• Thyreoarytænoideus (Thyroarytenoid)
  • Vocalis
  • Thyreoepiglotticus
  • Ventricularis

Glands

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• arytenoid glands

The trachea and bronchi (Template:GraySubject)

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• trachea or windpipe

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• Right bronchus (bronchus dexter)
• eparterial branch
• hyparterial branch
• Left bronchus (bronchus sinister)

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• cartilages of the trachea

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• transverse fibers (Trachealis muscle)

The pleurae (Template:GraySubject)

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• pleura - by layer
  • pulmonary pleura
  • parietal pleura

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• pleura - by layer
  • pleural cavity
• pleura - by position
  • costal pleura
  • diaphragmatic pleura
  • cupula of the pleura (cervical pleura)
  • mediastinal pleura
• Reflections of the Pleura
  • posterior mediastinum
  • pulmonary ligament

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• Reflections of the Pleura
  • pericardial pleura
  • Sibson's fascia
  • phrenicocostal sinus

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• Reflections of the Pleura
  • costomediastinal sinus
• Pulmonary ligament (ligamentum pulmonale; ligamentum latum pulmonis)

The mediastinum (Template:GraySubject)

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• Interpleural space
• mediastinum
• superior mediastinum

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• lower portion
  • Anterior mediastinum
  • Middle mediastinum

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• lower portion
  • Posterior mediastinum

The lungs (Template:GraySubject)

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• Lungs (Pulmones)

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• Apex pulmonis
• Basis pulmonis
• Surfaces
  • costal surface (facies costalis; external or thoracic surface)

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• Surfaces
  • mediastinal surface (facies mediastinalis; inner surface)
    • cardiac impression
    • hilum of lung

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• Borders
  • inferior border of lung (margo inferior)
  • posterior border of lung (margo posterior)
  • anterior border of lung (margo anterior)
    • cardiac notch
• Fissures and Lobes of the Lungs
  • left lung
    • superior lobe
    • inferior lobe

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• Fissures and Lobes of the Lungs
  • right lung
    • superior lobe
    • middle lobe
    • inferior lobe
• Root of the lung (radix pulmonis)
• Divisions of the Bronchi
  • right bronchus
  • eparterial bronchus
  • hyparterial bronchi
  • left bronchus

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• Structure
  • intrapulmonary bronchi
  • lobular bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • Atria of bronchi
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveoli or air sacs

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• Structure
  • alveoli

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• Vessels and Nerves
  • pulmonary artery
  • pulmonary capillaries
  • pulmonary veins
  • bronchial arteries
  • bronchial vein

The digestive apparatus (Template:GraySubject)

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• Digestive tube (alimentary canal)

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• Development of the Digestive tube
  • fore-gut
  • hind-gut
• Mouth
  • stomodeum

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• Mouth
  • primary labial groove
  • secondary labial groove
  • lateral swellings
• Salivary glands
• Tongue
  • tuberculum impar

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• Tongue
  • furcula
  • copula
  • foramen cecum
• Palatine tonsils
• Further Development of the Digestive tube
  • yolk-stalk or vitelline duct
  • ventral mesogastrium
  • posterior common mesentery
  • dorsal mesogastrium

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• Further Development of the Digestive tube
  • mesocolon

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• Further Development of the Digestive tube
  • bursa omentalis
  • foramen epiploicum or foramen of Winslow

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• Further Development of the Digestive tube
  • ventral mesogastrium

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• Rectum and Anal canal

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• The Rectum and Anal Canal
  • entodermal cloaca
  • cloacal membrane
  • ectodermal cloaca
  • urorectal septum
  • cloacal duct

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• The Rectum and Anal Canal
  • proctodeum
  • anal membrane
  • post-anal gut

The mouth (Template:GraySubject)

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• cavity of the mouth
• vestibule (vestibulum oris)
• rima
• Mouth cavity proper (cavum oris proprium)
• isthmus faucium
• mucous membrane

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• Lips (labia oris)
• frenulum
• Labial glands (glandulœ labiales)

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• Cheeks (buccæ)
• mucous membrane
• molar glands
• Gums (gingivœ)
• Palate (palatum)
• Hard palate (palatum durum)
• Soft palate (palatum molle)
• palatine velum
• palatine uvula
• pillars of the fauces

Teeth (dentes)

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• deciduous teeth

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• permanent teeth

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• General characteristics of teeth
  • crown
  • root
  • neck
  • surfaces of a tooth
    • buccal surface
    • lingual surface
    • surfaces of contact
  • dental arches

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• Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
  • Incisors (dentes incisivi; incisive or cutting teeth)

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• Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
  • Incisors (dentes incisivi; incisive or cutting teeth)
    • crown
    • basal ridge (Cingulum)
  • Canine teeth (dentes canini)

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• Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
  • Canine teeth (dentes canini)
    • upper canine teeth (eye teeth)
    • lower canine teeth (stomach teeth)

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• Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
  • Premolars or Bicuspid teeth (dentes præmolares)
  • Molar teeth (dentes molares)
    • multicuspids
    • dens serotinus or wisdom-tooth
  • Deciduous teeth (dentes decidui; temporary or milk teeth)
• Structure of the teeth
  • pulp cavity
  • dental pulp
  • odontoblasts of Waldeyer

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• Structure of the teeth
  • enamel
  • cement (crusta petrosa)
  • dentin (substantia eburnea; ivory)
  • dental canaliculi (dentinal tubules)
    • dentinal sheath of Neumann
    • Tomes' fibers or dentinal fibers

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• Structure of the teeth
  • matrix (intertubular dentin)
    • incremental lines of Salter
    • interglobular spaces
    • granular layer
    • lines of Schreger
  • enamel (substantia adamantina)
    • enamel fibers or enamel prisms (prismata adamantina)
    • parallel striae (colored lines of Retzius)
  • crusta petrosa or cement (substantia ossea)

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• Development of the deciduous teeth
  • labiodental lamina
  • dental lamina
  • common dental germ
  • dental furrow
  • special dental germs

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• Development of the deciduous teeth
  • enamel cells (adamantoblasts)
  • external enamel epithelium
  • enamel organ
  • Formation of the Enamel
    • enamel droplet
    • cuticula dentis (Nasmyth's membrane)
  • Formation of the Dentin
    • dental sac
    • odontoblasts
    • prodentin
    • dentinal fibers (Tomes' fibers)

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• Development of the deciduous teeth
  • Formation of the Cement
    • epithelial sheath
  • Formation of the Alveoli
    • gubernaculum dentis
• Development of the Permanent teeth
  • successional permanent teeth
  • superadded permanent teeth

Tongue (lingua)

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• Root (radix linguae base)
• Apex (apex linguae tip)
• Inferior Surface (facies inferior linguae under surface)
  • frenulum linguæ
  • plica fimbriata
• Dorsum of the tongue (dorsum linguæ)
  • median sulcus
  • foramen cecum
  • sulcus terminalis

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• Dorsum of the tongue (dorsum linguæ)
  • lingual tonsil
• Papillae of the tongue
  • papillae vallatae (circumvallate papillae)
  • papillae fungiformes (fungiform papillae)

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• Papillae of the tongue
  • papillae filiformes (filiform papillae)

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• Papillae of the tongue
  • papillae conicae (conical papilae)
  • papillae simplices

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• Extrinsic muscles of tongue
  • Genioglossus (Geniohyoglossus)
  • Hyoglossus

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• Extrinsic muscles of tongue
  • Chondroglossus
  • Styloglossus
• intrinsic muscles of tongue
  • Longitudinalis linguæ superior (Superior lingualis)
  • Longitudinalis linguæ inferior (Inferior lingualis)
  • Transversus linguæ (Transverse lingualis)

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• intrinsic muscles of tongue
  • Verticalis linguæ (Vertical lingualis)
• Structure of the Tongue
  • mucous membrane (tunica mucosa linguae)
  • lingual tonsil
  • papillae
  • mucosa
  • corium
• Glands of the tongue
  • mucous glands
  • serous glands

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• Septum of tongue
• hyoglossal membrane
• Taste-buds
  • papilla foliata
• Vessels and Nerves
  • lingual branch of the external carotid artery, external maxillary artery and ascending pharyngeal artery
  • internal jugular vein
  • sensory nerves of the tongue
    • lingual branch of the mandibular nerve
    • chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve
    • lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
    • superior laryngeal nerve

Salivary glands

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• Salivary glands
• Parotid gland (glandula parotis)

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• Parotid gland (glandula parotis)
  • accessory part (socia parotidis)
  • parotid duct (ductus parotideus; Stensen's duct)

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• Submaxillary gland (glandula submaxillaris)
  • submaxillary duct (ductus submaxillaris; Wharton's duct)

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• Sublingual gland (glandula sublingualis)
  • smaller sublingual ducts (ducts of Rivinus)
  • plica sublingualis
  • larger sublingual duct (duct of Bartholin)
• Structure of the Salivary Glands
  • mucous alveoli
  • crescents of Gianuzzi
  • demilunes of Heidenhain
  • serous alveoli

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• Structure of the Salivary Glands
  • Langley's ganglion
• accessory glands

The fauces (Template:GraySubject)

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• isthmus faucium
• glossopalatine arch (arcus glossopalatinus; anterior pillar of fauces)
• pharyngopalatine arch (arcus pharyngopalatinus; posterior pillar of fauces)
• Palatine tonsils (tonsillae palatinae tonsil)

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• Palatine tonsils (tonsillae palatinae tonsil)
  • supratonsillar fossa
  • plica semilunaris
  • plica triangularis
  • tonsillar sinus
  • medial surface of the tonsil
  • lateral or deep surface of the tonsil
  • lingual tonsil

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• palatine aponeurosis

• Muscles of the palate
  • Levator veli palatini (Levator palati)
  • Tensor veli palatini (Tensor palati)
  • Musculus uvulae (Azygos uvulae)
  • Glossopalatinus (Palatoglossus)
  • Pharyngopalatinus (Palatopharyngeus)

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• Muscles of the palate
  • Pharyngopalatinus (Palatopharyngeus)
    • posterior fasciculus
    • anterior fasciculus

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• mucous membrane of the soft palate

The pharynx (Template:GraySubject)

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• pharynx
• pharyngeal recess (fossa of Rosenmüller)
• Nasal part of the pharynx (pars nasalis pharyngis; nasopharynx)
  • pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube
  • torus or cushion

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• Nasal part of the pharynx (pars nasalis pharyngis; nasopharynx)
  • salpingopharyngeal fold
  • salpingopalatine fold
  • pharyngeal recess (fossa of Rosenmüller)
  • pharyngeal tonsil
  • pharyngeal bursa
• Oral part of the pharynx (pars oralis pharyngis)
  • palatine tonsil
• Laryngeal part of the pharynx (pars laryngea pharyngis)
  • sinus piriformis
• Muscles of the pharynx
  • Constrictor pharyngis inferior (Inferior constrictor)

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• Muscles of the pharynx
  • Constrictor pharyngis medius (Middle constrictor)
  • Constrictor pharyngis superior (Superior constrictor)
    • sinus of Morgagni
  • Stylopharyngeus
  • Salpingopharyngeus
• Structure
  • pharyngeal aponeurosis, or fibrous coat
  • mucous coat

The esophagus (Template:GraySubject)

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• Esophagus or Gullet

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• Relations
  • cervical portion of the esophagus
  • thoracic portion of the esophagus

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• Relations
  • abdominal portion of the esophagus
    • antrum cardiacum
• Structure
  • muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
  • areolar or submucous coat (tela submucosa)
  • mucous coat (tunica mucosa)
    • muscularis mucosae
• esophageal glands (glandulae aesophageæ)

The abdomen (Template:GraySubject)

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• abdomen
• diaphragm of the pelvis
• abdomen proper
• Apertures in the Walls of the Abdomen
  • umbilical
  • vena caval opening
  • aortic hiatus
  • esophageal hiatus
• Regions of the abdomen
  • Transpyloric plane
  • intertubercular plane

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• Regions of the abdomen
  • hypogastric zones

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• Regions of the abdomen
  • epigastric region
  • right and left hypochondriac region
  • umbilical region
  • hypogastric or pubic region
  • right and left iliac or inguinal region
• pelvis
• greater omentum
• Peritoneum (Tunica serosa)

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• Peritoneum (Tunica serosa)
  • visceral peritoneum
  • parietal peritoneum
  • subserous areolar tissue
  • peritoneal cavity
    • omental bursa
    • epiploic foramen (foramen of Winslow)

Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac)

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• Vertical Disposition of the Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac)
  • ligamentum teres (obliterated umbilical vein)
  • falciform ligament of the liver
  • superior layer of the coronary ligament
  • superior layer of the left triangular ligament
  • inferior layer of the coronary ligament
  • hepatorenal ligament
  • bare area of the liver

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• Vertical Disposition of the Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac)
  • right triangular ligament
  • inferior layer of the left triangular ligament
  • hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament
  • lesser omentum
  • gastrocolic ligament or greater omentum
  • transverse mesocolon
  • mesentery
  • sigmoid mesocolon

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• Vertical Disposition of the Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac)
  • rectovesical excavation
  • rectouterine excavation (pouch of Douglas)
  • vesicouterine excavation
  • broad ligaments of the uterus

Omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac)

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• Vertical Disposition of the Omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac)

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• Vertical Disposition of the Omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac)
  • gastrocolic ligament or greater omentum
• Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum
  • In the Pelvis
    • sigmoid mesocolon

Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum

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• Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum
  • In the Pelvis
    • sigmoid mesocolon
    • pararectal fossa
    • rectovesical or sacrogenital folds
    • paravesical fossa
    • plica vesicalis transversa
    • torus uterinus
    • ovarian fossa

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• Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum
  • In the Lower Abdomen
    • mesentery
  • In the Upper Abdomen
    • phrenicolienal ligament
    • gastrolienal ligament
    • Omental bursa (bursa omentalis; lesser peritoneal sac)

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• epiploic foramen (foramen epiploicum; foramen of Winslow)
• omental bursa
  • vestibule
  • gastropancreatic fold
  • superior omental recess
  • lienal recess
  • inferior omental recess
• omenta
  • lesser omentum (omentum minus; small omentum; gastrohepatic omentum)

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• omenta
  • lesser omentum (omentum minus; small omentum; gastrohepatic omentum)
    • hepatogastric ligament
    • hepatoduodenal ligament
    • fibrous capsule (Glisson’s capsule)
  • greater omentum (omentum majus; great omentum; gastrocolic omentum)
• mesenteries
  • mesentery proper (mesenterium)
    • root of the mesentery
  • transverse mesocolon (mesocolon transversum)
  • sigmoid mesocolon (mesocolon sigmoideum)

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• phrenicocolic ligament
• sustentaculum lienis
• appendices epiploicæ

Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)

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• Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)

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• Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)
  • Duodenal fossæ
    • inferior duodenal fossa
    • duodenomesocolic fold
    • superior duodenal fossa
    • duodenojejunal fold
    • duodenojejunal fossa

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• Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)
  • Cecal fossæ (pericecal folds or fossæ)
    • superior ileocecal fossa
    • inferior ileocecal fossa
    • ileocecal fold of peritoneum (bloodless fold of Treves)
    • cecal fossa

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• Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)
  • Cecal fossæ (pericecal folds or fossæ)
    • retrocecal fossæ
  • intersigmoid fossa (recessus intersigmoideus)

The stomach (Template:GraySubject)

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• stomach
• Openings
  • cardiac orifice

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• Openings
  • cardiac orifice
    • incisura cardiaca
  • pyloric orifice
    • duodenopyloric constriction
• Curvatures
  • lesser curvature (curvatura ventriculi minor)
    • incisura angularis
  • greater curvature (curvatura ventriculi major)
    • pyloric part
    • sulcus intermedius
    • pyloric antrum
• Surfaces
  • Antero-superior surface
  • Postero-inferior surface
    • stomach bed
    • gastrophrenic ligament

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• Component Parts of the Stomach
  • pyloric portion
  • fundus
  • pyloric antrum

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• Component Parts of the Stomach
  • pyloric valve (valvula pylori)
• Structure (layers)
  • serous coat (tunica serosa)
  • muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
  • longitudinal fibers (stratum longitudinale)

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• Structure (layers)
  • circular fibers (stratum circulare)

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• Structure (layers)
  • oblique fibers (fibræ obliquæ)
  • areolar or submucous coat (tela submucosa)
  • mucous membrane (tunica mucosa)
• Gastric glands
  • pyloric glands
  • cardiac glands
  • fundus glands

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• Gastric glands
  • chief cells or central cells
  • parietal cells or oxyntic cells
  • lenticular glands

The small intestine (Template:GraySubject)

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• small intestine
• Duodenum

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• Duodenum
  • superior portion (pars superior; first portion)
  • descending portion (pars descendens; second portion)

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• Duodenum
  • horizontal portion (pars horizontalis; third or preaortic or transverse portion)
  • ascending portion (pars ascendens; fourth portion)
    • duodenojejunal flexure
• Jejunum (intestinum jejunum)
  • circular folds (valvulæ conniventes)

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• Ileum (intestinum ileum)
  • mesentery

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• Meckel's diverticulum (diverticulum ilei)

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• structures of the small intestines
  • circular folds (plicæ circulares [Kerkringi]; valvulæ conniventes; valves of Kerkring)

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• structures of the small intestines
  • intestinal villi (villi intestinales)
  • intestinal glands (glandulæ intestinales; crypts of Lieberkühn)

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• structures of the small intestines
  • duodenal glands (glandulæ duodenales; Brunner's glands)
  • solitary lymphatic nodules (noduli lymphatici solitarii; solitary glands)
  • aggregated lymphatic nodules (noduli lymphatici aggregati; Peyer's patches; Peyer's glands; agminated follicles; tonsillæ intestinales)

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• nerves of the small intestines
  • myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus)
  • plexus of the submucosa (Meissner's plexus)

The large intestine (Template:GraySubject)

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• large intestine (Intestinum Crassum)
• Cecum (intestinum cæcum)
  • caput cæcum coli

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• Vermiform process or Appendix (processus vermiformis)

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• Colic valve (valvula coli; ileocecal valve)
  • frenula of the valve

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• Colon
• Ascending colon (colon ascendens)
  • colic impression
  • right colic flexure or hepatic flexure
• Transverse colon (colon transversum)
  • left colic flexure or splenic flexure

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• Transverse colon (colon transversum)
  • transverse mesocolon
  • left colic or splenic flexure
  • phrenicocolic ligament
• Descending colon (colon descendens)

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• Descending colon (colon descendens)
  • Iliac colon
• Sigmoid colon (colon sigmoideum; pelvic colon; sigmoid flexure)
  • sigmoid mesocolon

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• Rectum (intestinum rectum)
  • rectal ampulla
  • Houston's valves

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• Anal canal (pars analis recti)

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• Anal canal (pars analis recti)
  • anococcygeal body
  • perineal body
  • rectal columns
  • rectal sinuses
  • anal valves
• Structure of the colon

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• Structure of the colon
  • appendices epiploicæ
  • longitudinal bands or tæniæ
  • Rectococcygeal muscles

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• Structure of the colon
  • solitary lymphatic nodules (noduli lymphatic solitarii)
• Vessels and Nerves
  • hemorrhoidal plexus
• Congenital hernia

The liver (Template:GraySubject)

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• Liver (Hepar)
• bile

Surfaces of liver

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• superior surface (facies superior)
• inferior surface (facies inferior; visceral surface)
  • gastric impression
  • tuber omentale
  • quadrate lobe
  • colic impression
  • renal impression

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• inferior surface (facies inferior; visceral surface)
  • duodenal impression
  • caudate process
• posterior surface (facies posterior)

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• posterior surface (facies posterior)
  • suprarenal impression
  • caudate lobe
  • caudate process
  • papillary process
• anterior border (margo anterior)
  • umbilical notch
  • left extremity of the liver

Fossæ

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• left sagittal fossa (fossa sagittalis sinistra; longitudinal fissure)
• fossa for the umbilical vein
• pons hepatis
• fossa for the ductus venosus
• ligamentum venosum
• porta or transverse fissure (porta hepatis)
• fossa for the gall-bladder (fossa vesicæ felleæ)
• fossa for the inferior vena cava (fossa venæ cavæ)

Lobes

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• right lobe (lobus hepatis dexter)

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• quadrate lobe (lobus quadratus)
• caudate lobe (lobus caudatus; Spigelian lobe)
• caudate process
• left lobe (lobus hepatis sinister)

Ligaments

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• falciform ligament (ligamentum falciforme hepatis)
• coronary ligament (ligamentum coronarium hepatis)
• hepatorenal ligament
• right triangular ligament (ligamentum triangulare dextrum)

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• left triangular ligament (ligamentum triangulare sinistrum)
• round ligament (ligamentum teres hepatis)
• septum transversum

Development of liver

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• hepatic cylinders
• sinusoids

Vessels and Nerves

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• hepatic artery
• portal vein
• fibrous capsule of Glisson
• hepatic veins
• lymphatic vessels

Structure of the Liver

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• serous coat (tunica serosa)
• fibrous coat (capsula fibrosa; areolar coat)
• lobules (lobuli hepatis)
• interlobular plexus

Microscopic Appearance

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• intralobular vein
• sublobular veins
• hepatic artery
• vaginal branches
• capsular branches
• interlobular branches
• portal vein
• interlobular plexus

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• intralobular vein
• sublobular vein
• bile ducts
• intercellular biliary passages (bile capillaries)

Excretory Apparatus of the Liver

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• hepatic duct (ductus hepaticus)
• gallbladder (vesica fellea)
  • fundus

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• gallbladder (vesica fellea)
  • Structure of gallbladder
    • external or serous coat (tunica serosa vesicæ felleæ)
    • fibromuscular coat (tunica muscularis vesicæ felleæ)
    • internal or mucous coat (tunica mucosa vesicæ felleæ)
• Cystic duct (ductus cysticus)
• Common bile duct (ductus choledochus)

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• ampulla of Vater

The pancreas (Template:GraySubject)

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• pancreas
• pancreatic juice

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• Relations
• Head of pancreas
  • uncinate process

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• Head of pancreas
  • Anterior surface of pancreas
  • Posterior surface of pancreas
• Neck of pancreas
• Body of pancreas (corpus pancreatis)
  • anterior surface of pancreas (facies anterior)
    • tuber omentale
  • posterior surface of pancreas (facies posterior)
  • inferior surface of pancreas (facies inferior)
  • superior border (margo superior)
  • anterior border (margo anterior)
  • inferior border (margo inferior)
• Tail of pancreas (cauda pancreatis)

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• Pancreatic duct (ductus pancreaticus; duct of Wirsung)
  • accessory pancreatic duct (duct of Santorini)
• Development

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• Development
  • accessory pancreatic duct
  • pancreatic duct
• Structure

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• Structure
  • centroacinar cells of Langerhans
  • paranucleus
  • interalveolar cell islets (islands of Langerhans)
• Vessels and Nerves

The urogenital apparatus

Development of the urinary and generative organs (Template:GraySubject)

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• urinary organs
• genital organs

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• The Pronephros and Wolffian Duct
  • pronephric duct
  • Wolffian duct
  • pronephros

• The Mesonephros, Müllerian Duct, and Genital Gland
  • Wolffian tubules
  • mesonephros (Wolffian body)

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• The Mesonephros, Müllerian Duct, and Genital Gland
  • urogenital fold
  • epoöphoron or organ of Rosenmüller
  • paroöphoron
  • duct of Gärtner

• Müllerian ducts

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• Müllerian ducts
  • genital cord
  • Müllerian eminence
  • appendices testis (hydatids of Morgagni)

• Genital glands
  • genital ridge
  • mesorchium or mesovarium

• Ovary
  • germinal epithelium
  • primitive ova
  • genital cords

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• Ovary
  • germinal path

• Testis
• Descent of the Testes
  • mesorchium
  • inguinal fold
  • inguinal crest

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• Descent of the Testes
  • gubernaculum testis
  • plica vascularis
  • plica gubernatrix
  • saccus vaginalis
  • tunica vaginalis

• Descent of the Ovaries
  • canal of Nuck

• The Metanephros and the Permanent Kidney
• Metanephros

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• Urinary bladder
  • vesico-urethral portion
  • pelvic portion

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• Urinary bladder
  • phallic portion
  • urogenital sinus
  • medial umbilical ligament (urachus)

• Prostate
  • Skene's ducts
  • bulbo-urethral glands of Cowper
  • greater vestibular glands of Bartholin

• External organs of generation
  • cloacal tubercle
  • phallus
  • genital tubercle

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• External organs of generation
  • genital swellings
  • corpora cavernosa

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• External organs of generation
  • prepuce

• Urethra
  • urethral plate
  • primitive urogenital ostium

The urinary organs

The kidneys (Template:GraySubject)

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• kidneys
• ureters
• urinary bladder
• urethra
• kidneys

• Relations
  • anterior surface (facies anterior)

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• Relations
  • Posterior surface (facies posterior)

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• Borders
• lateral border (margo lateralis; external border)

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• Borders
• medial border (margo medialis; internal border)
  • hilum

• Extremities
  • superior extremity (extremitas superior)
  • inferior extremity (extremitas inferior)

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• Fixation of the Kidney
  • adipose capsule (Renal capsule)
  • renal fascia
  • paranephric body

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• General Structure of the Kidney
  • renal sinus
  • renal calyces
  • renal pelvis
  • medullary substance (substantia medullaris) (Renal medulla)
  • renal pyramids
  • cortical substance (substantia corticalis) (Renal cortex)
  • renal columns
  • cortical arches

• Minute Anatomy
  • renal tubules
  • renal corpuscles
  • glomerulus
  • afferent vessel
  • efferent vessel

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• Minute Anatomy
• glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)

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• Minute Anatomy
  • renal tubules
  • proximal convoluted tube
  • spiral tube
  • descending limb of Henle's loop
  • loop of Henle
  • ascending limb of Henle’s loop
  • zigzag tubule
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • junctional tube
  • straight tubes or collecting tubes
  • duct of Bellini

• The Renal Bloodvessels
  • inferior renal artery
  • arteriae propriae renales
  • interlobular arteries
  • end-arteries

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• The Renal Bloodvessels
  • arteriæ rectæ (vasa recta)
  • venae stellatae
  • interlobular veins

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• The Renal Bloodvessels
  • venae rectae
  • venae propriae renales
  • renal vein
  • lymphatics

The ureters (Template:GraySubject)

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• ureters
• calyces
• renal pelvis

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• Ureter proper
• abdominal part (pars abdominalis)
• pelvic part (pars pelvina)
• ovarian fossa

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• Structure
  • fibrous coat (tunica adventitia)
  • muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
  • mucous coat (tunica mucosa)

The urinary bladder (Template:GraySubject)

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• urinary bladder
• Empty bladder
  • fundus
  • vertex
  • superior surface
  • paravesical fossa

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• Empty bladder
  • inferior surface
  • retropubic pad
• Distended bladder

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• Distended bladder
  • postero-superior surface
  • antero-inferior surface
  • fundus
  • summit
• Bladder in the Child

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• Female bladder

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• Ligaments
  • Pubovesicales
  • Rectovesicales
  • middle umbilical ligament
  • false ligaments of the bladder
  • middle umbilical fold
  • lateral umbilical folds
• Interior of the Bladder
  • trigonum vesicae

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• Interior of the Bladder
  • torus uretericus
  • plicæ uretericæ
  • orifices of the ureters
  • internal urethral orifice
  • uvula vesicae
• Structure of the Bladder
  • serous coat (tunica serosa)
  • muscular coat (tunica muscularis)

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• Structure of the Bladder
  • muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
    • Detrusor urinae muscle
    • Sphincter vesicae
    • muscles of the ureters
  • submucous coat (tela submucosa)
  • mucous coat (tunica mucosa)

The male urethra (Template:GraySubject)

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• male urethra
• prostatic portion (pars prostatica)
  • urethral crest
  • prostatic sinus
  • orifices of the prostatic ducts
  • colliculus seminalis
  • prostatic utricle (sinus pocularis)

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• prostatic portion (pars prostatica)
  • uterus masculinus
• membranous portion (pars membranacea)
• cavernous portion (pars cavernosa; penile or spongy portion)
  • fossa navicularis urethrae
• external urethral orifice (orificium urethrae externum; meatus urinarius)
• lining membrane of the urethra
  • urethral glands
  • lacunae
    • lacuna magna
• Structure
  • mucous coat
  • submucous tissue
• Congenital defects

The female urethra (Template:GraySubject)

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• female urethra
• urethral crest

The male genital organs

The testes and their coverings (Template:GraySubject)

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• Testes

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• Scrotum
  • Raphé of scrotum
  • integument

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• Scrotum
  • Dartos tunic
• Intercrural fascia (intercolumnar or external spermatic fascia)
• Cremaster

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• Infundibuliform fascia (tunica vaginalis communis)
• Tunica vaginalis
• Inguinal canal (canalis inguinalis)
• Spermatic cord (funiculus spermaticus)
  • internal spermatic artery

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• • external spermatic artery
  • artery of the ductus deferens

• Spermatic cord (funiculus spermaticus)
  • spermatic veins
  • plexus pampiniformis
• Testes

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• epididymis
  • duct of the testis
  • sinus of the epididymis (digital fossa)
• Appendages of the Testis and Epididymis
  • appendix of the testis (hydatid of Morgagni)
  • appendix of the epididymis (pedunculated hydatid)
• tunics
  • Tunica vaginalis (tunica vaginalis propria testis)
    • visceral lamina (lamina visceralis)
    • parietal lamina (lamina parietalis)
  • Tunica albuginea

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• tunics
  • Tunica albuginea
    • mediastinum testis (corpus Highmori)
  • Tunica vasculosa
• Structure
  • lobules of testis
  • tubuli seminiferi
  • interstitial cells
  • spermatozoa
    • spermatogonia
    • intermediate cells spermatocytes
    • spermatoblasts or spermatids
    • spermatozoön
  • supporting cells (cells of Sertoli)

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• Structure
  • tubuli recti
  • rete testis
  • ductuli efferentes
  • coni vasculosi

The ductus deferens (Template:GraySubject)

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• ductus deferens

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• ampulla of ductus deferens

• Ductuli aberrantes
  • ductulus aberrans inferior (vas aberrans of Haller)
  • ductulus aberrans superior

• Paradidymis (organ of Giraldés)

The vesiculæ seminales (Template:GraySubject)

• Excretory duct of seminal gland

The ejaculatory ducts (Template:GraySubject)

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• vesiculæ seminales

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• ejaculatory ducts

The penis (Template:GraySubject)

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• Penis

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• Corpora cavernosa penis
  • crura
  • bulb of the corpus cavernosum penis
  • septum of the penis
  • septum pectiniforme
• Corpus cavernosum urethræ (corpus spongiosum)
  • glans penis

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• Corpus cavernosum urethræ (corpus spongiosum)
  • corona glandis
  • retroglandular sulcus
• root (radix penis)
  • fundiform ligament
  • suspensory ligament
• body (corpus penis)

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• extremity
• integument
  • prepuce or foreskin
  • frenulum
  • preputial glands
  • preputial sac
• Structure of the Penis
  • trabeculae
    • trabeculae of corpora cavernosa of penis
    • trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis (listed as corpus cavernosum urethrae)

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• Vessels and Nerves
  • helicine arteries

The prostate (Template:GraySubject)

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• prostate

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• base (basis prostatae)
• apex (apex prostatae)
• Surfaces
  • posterior surface (facies posterior)
    • middle lobe
    • left lateral lobe
    • isthmus
  • anterior surface (facies anterior)
  • lateral surfaces

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• • Levatores prostatae

• Structure
  • muscular tissue
  • glandular substance
    • prostatic ducts
    • amyloid bodies

• Vessels and Nerves

The bulbourethral glands (Template:GraySubject)

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• Glandulæ bulbourethrales; Cowper's glands

The female genital organs (Template:GraySubject)

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• internal female genital organs
  • ovaries
  • uterine tubes
  • uterus
  • vagina
• external female genital organs
  • mons pubis
  • labia majora et minora pudendi
  • clitoris
  • bulbus vestibuli
  • greater vestibular glands

The ovaries (Template:GraySubject)

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• ovaries
• ovarian fossa
• suspensory ligament of the ovary
• ligament of the ovary

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• mesovarium

• Epoöphoron (parovarium; organ of Rosenmüller)
  • ductuli transversi
  • ductus longitudinalis epoöphori (duct of Gärtner)

• Paroöphoron

• Structure
  • germinal epithelium of Waldeyer

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• Structure
  • stroma
  • tunica albuginea

• Vesicular ovarian follicles (Graafian follicles)
  • medullary substance (zona vasculosa of Waldeyer)
  • membrana granulosa
  • discus proligerus

• Discharge of the Ovum

• Corpus luteum

• Vessels and Nerves
  • pampiniform plexus

The uterine tube (Template:GraySubject)

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• Tuba uterina; Fallopian tube; Oviduct
• uterine tubes
• isthmus
• ampulla
• infundibulum
• abdominal ostium
• fimbriae
• ovarian fimbria
• appendices vesiculosae (hydatids of Morgagni)

The uterus (Template:GraySubject)

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• Uterus (Womb)

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• internal orifice of the uterus
• Body (corpus uteri)
  • vesical or anterior surface (facies vesicalis)
  • intestinal or posterior surface (facies intestinalis)
  • fundus (fundus uteri)
  • lateral margins (margo lateralis)
    • broad ligament
• Cervix (cervix uteri; neck)
  • supravaginal portion (portio supravaginalis cervicis)
    • parametrium

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• Cervix (cervix uteri; neck)
  • vaginal portion (portio vaginalis cervicis)
    • external orifice of the uterus
• Interior of the Uterus
  • Cavity of the body (cavum uteri)
  • Canal of the cervix (canalis cervicis uteri)
    • palmate folds
    • arbor vitae uterina
• ligaments of the uterus
  • anterior ligament
  • posterior ligament
    • rectouterine excavation
    • sacrogenital folds or rectouterine folds
    • uterosacral ligaments
  • two lateral or broad ligaments (ligamentum latum uteri)

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• ligaments of the uterus
  • two lateral or broad ligaments (ligamentum latum uteri)
    • mesosalpinx
    • infundibulopelvic ligament
  • round ligaments (ligamentum teres uteri)
    • canal of Nuck
  • ligamentum transversalis colli

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• structure of uterus
  • serous coat (tunica serosa)
  • muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
  • mucous membrane (tunica mucosa)
    • uterine glands
    • ovula Nabothi

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• nerves of uterus

The vagina (Template:GraySubject)

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• vagina
• posterior fornix
• columns of the vagina
• Bulbocavernosus
• erectile tissue

The external genital organs (Template:GraySubject)

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• pudendum or vulva

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• Mons pubis (commissura labiorum anterior; mons Veneris)

• Labia majora (labia majora pudendi)
  • pudendal cleft or rima
  • anterior labial commissure
  • posterior labial commissure
  • perineum

• Labia minora (labia minora pudendi; nymphæ)
  • frenulum of the labia or fourchette

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• Labia minora (labia minora pudendi; nymphæ)
  • preputium clitoridis
  • frenulum of the clitoris

• Clitoris
  • free extremity (glans clitoridis)

• Vestibule (vestibulum vaginæ)
  • vestibule of the vagina (vestibulum vaginæ)
  • external urethral orifice (orificium urethræ externum; urinary meatus)
  • vaginal orifice
  • hymen
  • imperforate hymen
  • carunculae hymenales
  • navicular fossa

• Bulb of the vestibule (bulbus vestibuli; vaginal bulb)
  • pars intermedia

• Greater vestibular glands (glandulæ vestibularis major [Bartholini]; Bartholin's glands)

The mammæ (Template:GraySubject)

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• Mammary gland; Breasts
• mammæ
• Mammary papilla or Nipple (papilla mammæ)
• areola
• areolar glands

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• tubuli lactiferi
• ampullæ
• colostrum corpuscles
• circulus venosus

The ductless glands

The thyroid gland (Template:GraySubject)

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• Thyroid gland (Glandula Thyreiodea; Thyroid body)
• lobes of thyroevil. thyreoideæ)

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• thyroid isthmus (isthmus gl. thyreoidea)
• pyramidal lobe
• Levator glandulæ thyreoideæ
• accessory thyroid glands (glandulæ thyreoideæ accessoriæ)
• thyroglossal duct

The parathyroid glands (Template:GraySubject)

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• parathyroid glands

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• ultimo-branchial bodies

The thymus (Template:GraySubject)

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• thymus

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• corpuscles of Hassall

The hypophysis cerebri (Template:GraySubject)

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• hypophysis (pituitary body)

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• Development of the Hypophysis cerebri

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• pouch of Rathke
• craniopharyngeal canal

The pineal body (Template:GraySubject)

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• pineal body (epiphysis)

The chromaphil and cortical systems (Template:GraySubject)

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• Chromaphil or chromaffin cells

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• paraganglia
• aortic glands or aortic bodies

• Suprarenal glands (Glandulæ Suprarenalis; Adrenal capsule)

• Development

• Relations
  • right suprarenal
  • hilum

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• Relations
  • left suprarenal
  • accessory suprarenals (glandulæ suprarenales accessoriæ)

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• Structure
  • cortical portion (substantia corticalis)
    • zona glomerulosa
    • zona fasciculata
    • zona reticularis
  • medullary portion (substantia medullaris)

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• Glomus caroticum (Carotid glands; Carotid bodies)
• Glomus coccygeum (Coccygeal gland or Body; Luschka's gland)

The spleen (Template:GraySubject)

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• spleen (lien)
• Relations
  • diaphragmatic surface (facies diaphragmatica; external or phrenic surface)
  • visceral surface
  • gastric surface (facies gastrica)
    • hilum

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• Relations
  • renal surface (facies renalis)
  • superior extremity (extremitas superior)
  • lower extremity or colic surface (extremitas inferior)
  • anterior border (margo anterior)
  • posterior border (margo posterior)
  • inferior border (internal border)
  • phrenicolienal ligament
  • gastrolienal ligament
  • accessory spleens (lien accessorius; supernumerary spleen)
• Structure
  • external coat or serous coat (tunica serosa)
  • fibroelastic coat (tunica albuginea)
  • trabeculæ

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• Structure
  • areolae
  • splenic pulp (pulpa lienis)
  • splenic cells

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• Bloodvessels of the Spleen
  • lienal artery
  • lymphatic nodules (Malpighian bodies of the spleen)

See also

• List of images and subjects in Gray's Anatomy

v t e Prenatal development/Mammalian development of respiratory system (overview) (GA 11.1071, TE E5.5) Upper Nasal placode Lower Laryngotracheal groove Respiratory bud M: RES anat (n, x, l, c)/phys/devp noco (c, p)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (R1/2/3/5/6/7)

v t e Head and neck anatomy, Upper RT: Larynx (TA A06.2, TH H3.05.01, GA 11.1072) Cartilages major/unpaired: Epiglottis Vallecula Thyroid Laryngeal prominence Oblique line Superior thyroid notch Superior horn Inferior horn Cricoid minor/paired: Arytenoid Vocal process Muscular process Corniculate Cuneiform Ligaments/folds extrinsic ligaments: Hyoepiglottic ligament Thyrohyoid membrane Lateral ligament Median ligament Thyroepiglottic ligament Cricotracheal ligament intrinsic ligaments, upper: Quadrangular membrane Aryepiglottic Vestibular ligament/Vestibular fold intrinsic ligaments, lower: Cricothyroid ligament Median Lateral/Conus elasticus Vocal ligament/Vocal folds Laryngeal cavity Laryngeal inlet Vestibule Rima vestibuli Ventricle Rima glottidis/Glottis Infraglottic cavity Other Muscles of larynx Cricothyroid articulation Cricoarytenoid articulation M: RES anat (n, x, l, c)/phys/devp noco (c, p)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (R1/2/3/5/6/7)

v t e Anatomy: Lower RT respiratory system (TA A06.3–5, TH H3.05.02, GA 11.1084) TB tree Trachea Tracheal rings Annular ligaments of trachea Carina Bronchus main bronchus right left lobar/secondary bronchi eparterial bronchus segmental/tertiary bronchi Lungs General Left lung/Right lung Base/Apex Root/Hilum Superior lobe Lingula of left lung/Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe borders: Anterior border Cardiac notch Posterior border Inferior border surfaces: Costal surface Mediastinal surface Cardiac impression Diaphragmatic surface fissures: Oblique fissure Horizontal fissure BP segment Bronchiole: Conducting zone (Terminal bronchiole) Respiratory zone (Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolus Blood-air barrier) Cells Pneumocyte (Type I pneumocyte Type II pneumocyte) Clara cell Goblet cell M: RES anat (n, x, l, c)/phys/devp noco (c, p)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (R1/2/3/5/6/7)

v t e Anatomy, Respiratory system: Thoracic cavity (TA A07, TH H3.05.03, GA 11.1087) Pleurae Parietal pleura (Cervical, Costal, Mediastinal, Diaphragmatic) · Visceral pleura · Pulmonary ligament · recesses (Costomediastinal, Costodiaphragmatic) · Pleural cavity Suprapleural membrane Mediastinum Superior · Anterior · Middle · Posterior General Thoracic wall M: RES anat (n, x, l, c)/phys/devp noco (c, p)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug (R1/2/3/5/6/7)

v t e Prenatal development/Mammalian development of digestive system, coelom and septa, and mesenchymal mesenteric masses (GA 11.1101, TE E5.4, 5.8-9) Gut Upper GI tract and accessory Stomodeum Foregut: upper GI Buccopharyngeal membrane Rathke's pouch Tracheoesophageal septum accessory Pancreatic bud Hepatic diverticulum Lower GI tract Midgut Hindgut: Urorectal septum Proctodeum Cloacal membrane Cloaca Abdominopelvic Mesentery Dorsal mesentery Ventral mesentery Thoracic diaphragm Septum transversum Other Intra-embryonic coelom Extra-embryonic coelom M: DIG anat (t, g, p)/phys/devp/enzy noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon proc, drug (A2A/2B/3/4/5/6/7/14/16), blte

v t e Head and neck anatomy, digestive system: Mouth anatomy (TA A05.1–2, TH H3.04.01, GA 11.1110–2, 1125–1141) Mouth Oral cavity (including mucosa) Vestibule Lip (Upper, Lower, Vermilion border, Frenulum of lower lip, Labial commissure of mouth, Philtrum) Cheek (Buccal fat pad) Oral cavity proper Palate/ roof of mouth Hard palate · Soft palate · Palatine raphe · Incisive papilla Gingiva Interdental papilla · Gingival sulcus · Gingival margin · Free gingival margin · Gingival fibers · Junctional epithelium · Mucogingival junction · Sulcular epithelium · Stippling Periodontium: Cementum · Gingiva · Periodontal ligament Glands Parotid gland/Parotid duct · Submandibular gland/Submandibular duct · Sublingual gland/Major sublingual duct Teeth see tooth anatomy Tongue dorsum (Taste bud, Median sulcus, Terminal sulcus, Foramen cecum, Lingual tonsils) · ventral surface (Frenulum, Fimbriated fold, Sublingual caruncle) · Anterior · Posterior · Glossoepiglottic folds · Lingual septum Oro-pharynx/ fauces Oropharyngeal isthmus/Isthmus of the fauces Soft palate (Uvula, Palatoglossal arch, Palatopharyngeal arch, Plica semilunaris of the fauces) Tonsillar fossa Palatine tonsil M: MOU anat/devp noco/cofa (c)/cogi/tumr, sysi proc (peri), drug (A1)

v t e Dental anatomy (TA A05.1.03, GA 11.1112–1124) Teeth Permanent (incisor, canine, premolar, molar)  · Deciduous Maxillary teeth Incisor: Central incisor, Lateral incisor, Canine Premolar: First premolar, Second premolar Molar: First molar, Second molar, Third molar Mandibular teeth Incisor Central incisor, Lateral incisor, Canine Premolar: First premolar, Second premolar Molar: First molar, Second molar, Third molar Parts Crown: Cusp (Cusp of Carabelli) Pulp · Root canal (Apical foramen) Cementoenamel junction · Enamel · Dental-enamel junction · Dentin · Dental papilla Mammelon Dental alveolus M: TTH anat/devp/phys noco/cong/jaws/tumr, epon, injr dent, proc (endo, orth, pros)

v t e Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract, excluding mouth (TA A05.3–7, TH H3.04.02-04, GA 11.1141) Upper GI Hypo- pharynx Piriform sinus spaces: Peripharyngeal space Retropharyngeal space Parapharyngeal space Retrovisceral space Retropharyngeal space Danger space Prevertebral space Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Pharyngeal muscles Esophagus UES LES Esophageal glands Serosa / Adventitia Muscular layer Submucosa Mucosa Muscularis mucosa Stomach by region: Greater curvature Lesser curvature Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus Pyloric antrum Pyloric canal by layer: Serosa Muscular layer Pyloric sphincter Submucosa Gastric mucosa Muscularis mucosa Gastric rugae Gastric pits Gastric gland Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Goblet cell Lower GI Intestine: small Layers Serosa Subserosa Muscular layer Circular folds Submucosa Mucosa Muscularis mucosa Peyer's patches Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenal cap Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner's glands Jejunum no substructures Ileum Terminal ileum Ileocecal valve Intestine: large Layers Serosa Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Mucosa Cecum Vermiform appendix Colon ascending colon hepatic flexure transverse colon splenic flexure descending colon sigmoid colon continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds of rectum Rectal ampulla Anal canal Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Sphincter ani internus muscle Intersphincteric groove Sphincter ani externus muscle Anus M: DIG anat (t, g, p)/phys/devp/enzy noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon proc, drug (A2A/2B/3/4/5/6/7/14/16), blte

v t e Anatomy of torso, digestive system: accessory digestive glands (TA A05.8–9, TH H3.04.05-07, GA 11.1188) Liver diaphragmatic surface: Bare area of the liver Ligamentum venosum visceral surface: Gastric impression Duodenal impression Colic impression Renal impression Suprarenal impression Porta hepatis Round ligament of liver lobes: Left lobe Right lobe (Caudate lobe Quadrate lobe) Fibrous capsule of Glisson Perisinusoidal space Liver sinusoid Periportal space Portal triad Lobules of liver cells: Hepatocyte Hepatic stellate cell Kupffer cell Biliary tract Bile ducts intrahepatic (from Bile canaliculus and Canals of Hering): Interlobular bile ducts Left hepatic duct Right hepatic duct extrahepatic: Common hepatic duct Gallbladder by region: Body Fundus Neck Cystic duct Common bile duct Hepatopancreatic ampulla (Sphincter of ampulla) cells: Cholecystocyte Pancreas by region: Tail Body Neck Head (Uncinate process) ducts: Pancreatic duct Accessory pancreatic duct by function: Islets of Langerhans Exocrine component of pancreas cells: Centroacinar cell Pancreatic stellate cell M: DIG anat (t, g, p)/phys/devp/enzy noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon proc, drug (A2A/2B/3/4/5/6/7/14/16), blte

v t e Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdomen/Abdominal cavity and Pelvis/Pelvic cavity and Peritoneal cavity (TA A10, TH H3.04.08, GA 4.408 and GA 11.1147) Extraperitoneal space Retroperitoneal space Retropubic space Peritoneal ligaments, mesenteries, and folds Abdominal From ventral mesentery Lesser omentum: Hepatoduodenal ligament Hepatogastric ligament Liver: Coronary ligament (Left triangular ligament Right triangular ligament Hepatorenal ligament) Falciform ligament (Round ligament of liver and Ligamentum venosum in it, but not of it) From dorsal mesentery Greater omentum: Gastrophrenic ligament Gastrocolic ligament Gastrosplenic ligament Mesentery: Transverse mesocolon Sigmoid mesocolon Mesoappendix Root of the mesentery Splenorenal ligament Phrenicocolic ligament Folds: Umbilical folds (Supravesical fossa, Medial inguinal fossa, Lateral umbilical fold, Lateral inguinal fossa) Ileocecal fold Abdominal cavity Greater sac Omental bursa Omental foramen General Cystohepatic triangle Hepatorenal recess of subhepatic space Abdominal wall (Inguinal triangle) Peritoneal recesses: Paracolic gutters Paramesenteric gutters Urogenital peritoneum Uterus/ovaries Broad ligament of the uterus (Mesovarium, Mesosalpinx, Mesometrium) Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament of the ovary Recesses ♂: Recto-vesical pouch Pararectal fossa ♀: Recto-uterine pouch Recto-uterine fold (Uterosacral ligament) Vesico-uterine pouch Ovarian fossa Paravesical fossa M: DIG anat (t, g, p)/phys/devp/enzy noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon proc, drug (A2A/2B/3/4/5/6/7/14/16), blte

v t e Prenatal development/mammalian embryogenesis, Development of the urinary and reproductive organs (GA 11.1204, TE E5.6-7) Common urinary and reproductive system Mesoderm → Intermediate mesoderm Mesoderm → Lateral plate mesoderm ("LPM") Endoderm → Cloaca → Urogenital sinus ("US") Endoderm+Ectoderm → Cloacal membrane Urinary systemdevelopment Nephrogenic cord → Kidney Nephrotome → Pronephros Mesonephros (Mesonephric tubules) WD → Ureteric bud + Metanephrogenic blastema US → Urinary bladder + Urethra + Primary urethral groove + Urachus Reproductive systemdevelopment Primarily internal Gonadal ridge → Indifferent gonad → Gonadal cord (Cortical cords, Testis cords) Pronephric duct/Wolffian duct/mesonephric duct + Müllerian duct/paramesonephric ducts (Vaginal plate) US → Prostate or Skene's gland Primarily external LPM → Genital tubercle → Labioscrotal swelling → Scrotum or Labia majora LPM → Genital tubercle → Primordial phallus → Penis or Clitoris IM → Gubernaculum Peritoneum → Processus vaginalis or Canal of Nuck Homologues List of homologues of the human reproductive system M: URI anat/phys/devp/cell noco/acba/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, urte proc/itvp, drug (G4B), blte, urte M: ♀ FRS anat/phys/devp noco/cong/npls, sysi/epon proc/asst, drug (G1/G2B/G3CD) M: ♂ MRS anat/phys/devp noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon proc, drug (G3B/4BE/4C)

v t e Anatomy: urinary system (TA A08, TH H3.06, GA 11.1215) Abdomen Kidneys Layers Renal fascia Renal capsule Renal cortex Renal column Renal medulla Renal sinus Renal pyramids medullary interstitium Renal lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Intrarenal arteries Renal artery Segmental arteries Interlobar arteries Arcuate arteries Interlobular arteries Afferent arterioles Renal tubule Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman's capsule Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Connecting tubule Collecting ducts aka Duct of Belini Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Intrarenal veins Efferent arterioles Peritubular capillaries/Vasa recta Arcuate vein Interlobar veins Renal vein JGA Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium/Extraglomerular mesangial cell Filtration Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium/Intraglomerular mesangial cell Tubular fluid Ureters Orifice of ureter Adventitia Muscular layer Mucosa Ureteropelvic junction Pelvis Bladder Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa Urethra Urethral sphincters External sphincter muscle of male urethra External sphincter muscle of female urethra Internal sphincter muscle of urethra M: URI anat/phys/devp/cell noco/acba/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, urte proc/itvp, drug (G4B), blte, urte

v t e Male reproductive system (TA A09.3–4, TH H3.07.02, GA 11.1236) Internal Seminal tract Testes layers Tunica vaginalis Tunica albuginea Tunica vasculosa testis Appendix Mediastinum Lobules Septa Leydig cell Sertoli cell Blood-testis barrier Spermatogenesis Spermatogonium Spermatocytogenesis Spermatocyte Spermatidogenesis Spermatid Spermiogenesis Spermatozoon Other Seminiferous tubules Tubuli seminiferi recti Rete testis Efferent ducts Epididymis Appendix Stereocilia Paradidymis Spermatic cord Vas deferens Ampulla Ejaculatory duct Accessory glands Seminal vesicles Excretory duct of seminal gland Prostate Urethral crest/Seminal colliculus/Prostatic utricle/Ejaculatory duct Prostatic sinus/Prostatic ducts Bulbourethral glands External Penis root Crus Bulb Fundiform ligament Suspensory ligament body Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum glans Foreskin Frenulum Corona fascia superficial/subcutaneous deep/Buck's Tunica albuginea Septum of the penis Urinary tract Internal urethral orifice Urethra Prostatic Intermediate Spongy Navicular fossa External urethral orifice Lacunae of Morgagni Urethral gland Scrotum layers skin Dartos External spermatic fascia Cremaster/Cremasteric fascia Internal spermatic fascia Perineal raphe M: ♂ MRS anat/phys/devp noco/cong/tumr, sysi/epon proc, drug (G3B/4BE/4C)

v t e Female reproductive system (TA A09.1–2, TH H3.07.01, GA 11.1254) Internal Adnexa Ovaries Follicles corpus hemorrhagicum luteum albicans Theca of follicle externa interna Follicular antrum Follicular fluid Corona radiata Zona pellucida Membrana granulosa Perivitelline space Other Germinal epithelium Tunica albuginea cortex Cumulus oophorus Stroma Medulla Fallopian tubes Isthmus Ampulla Infundibulum Fimbria Ostium Ligaments Proper of ovary Suspensory of ovary Wolffian vestiges Gartner's duct Epoophoron Vesicular appendages of epoophoron Paroophoron Uterus Regions corpus/body Uterine cavity Fundus cervix/neck External orifice Canal of the cervix Internal orifice Supravaginal portion of cervix Vaginal portion of cervix Cervical ectropion Uterine horns Layers Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium Parametrium Ligaments Round ligament of uterus Cardinal ligament Uterosacral ligament Pubocervical ligament General Uterine glands Vagina Fossa of vestibule of vagina Vaginal fornix Hymen External Vulva Labia Mons pubis Labia majora Anterior commissure Posterior commissure Pudendal cleft Labia minora Frenulum of labia minora Frenulum of clitoris Vulval vestibule Interlabial sulci Bulb of vestibule Vaginal orifice vestibular glands/ducts Bartholin's glands/Bartholin's ducts Skene's glands/Skene's ducts Clitoris Crus of clitoris Corpus cavernosum Clitoral glans Hood Urethra Urethral crest Lacunae of Morgagni Other G-Spot Urethral sponge Perineal sponge M: ♀ FRS anat/phys/devp noco/cong/npls, sysi/epon proc/asst, drug (G1/G2B/G3CD)

v t e Female breast (TA A16.0.02, GA 11.1267) Nipple/Areola Areolar glands Crista supraareolaris (only fusiform breast) Mammary glands Lactiferous duct Lobe Mammary crest Development Estrogen receptors Prolactin receptor Estrogen receptor alpha Progesterone receptor Luteinizing hormone receptor Shape Mamma fusiformis Mamma spherica Mamma conica Other Intermammary cleft Cooper's ligaments Tail of Spence Inframammary fold Retromammary space M: BRE anat/phys/devp noco/cong/tumr proc

v t e Human anatomy, endocrine system: endocrine glands (TA A11, TH H3.08, GA 11.1269) Islets of pancreas Alpha cell Beta cell Delta cell PP cell Epsilon cell Hypothalamic/ pituitary axes +parathyroid Pituitary Posterior pituitary Pars nervosa Median eminence Infundibular stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies Anterior pituitary Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell Thyroid axis Thyroid gland Thyroid isthmus Lobes of thyroid gland Pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland Follicular cell Parafollicular cell Parathyroid gland Chief cell Oxyphil cell Adrenal axis: Adrenal gland Cortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Medulla Medullary chromaffin cell Gonadal axis Gonad: Testes Ovaries Corpus luteum Pineal gland Pinealocyte Corpora arenacea Other Enteroendocrine cell Paraganglia M: END anat/phys/devp/horm noco (d)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon proc, drug (A10/H1/H2/H3/H5)