Equidae

Equidae Temporal range: 54–0Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Early Eocene to Recent
Wild horses
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Suborder:	Hippomorpha
Family:	Equidae Gray, 1821

Equidae (sometimes known as the horse family) is the taxonomic family of horses and related animals, including the extant horses, donkeys, and zebras, and many other species known only from fossils. All extant species are in the genus Equus. Equidae belongs to the order Perissodactyla, which includes the extant tapirs and rhinoceros, and several other extinct families.

The term equid refers to any member of this family, including any equine.

Evolution

Extinct equids restored to scale. Left to right: Mesohippus, Neohipparion, Eohippus, Equus scotti and Hypohippus

The oldest known fossils assigned to Equidae date from the early Eocene, 54 million years ago. They formerly were assigned to the genus Hyracotherium, but the type species of that genus now is regarded to be not a member of this family, but the other species have been split off into different genera. These early Equidae were fox-sized animals with three toes on the hind feet, and four on the front feet. They were herbivorous browsers on relatively soft plants, and already adapted for running. The complexity of their brains suggest that they already were alert and intelligent animals.^[1] Later species reduced the number of toes, and developed teeth more suited for grinding up grasses and other tough plant food.

The family became relatively diverse during the Miocene, with many new species appearing. By this time, equids were more truly horse-like, having developed the typical body shape of the modern animals.^[2] Many of these species bore the main weight of their bodies on their central, third, toe, with the others becoming reduced, and barely touching the ground, if at all. The sole surviving genus, Equus, had evolved by the early Pleistocene, and spread rapidly through the world.^[3]

Classification

Skeletons

Protorohippus

Hipparion

Equus (Przewalski's horse)

• Order Perissodactyla (In addition to Equidae, Perissodactyla includes four species of tapir in a single genus, as well as five living species (belonging to four genera) of rhinoceros.) † indicates extinct taxa.
• Family Equidae
  • Genus †Epihippus
  • Genus †Haplohippus
  • Genus †Heptaconodon
  • Genus †Eohippus
  • Genus †Minippus
  • Genus †Orohippus
  • Genus †Pliolophus
  • Genus †Protorohippus
  • Genus †Sifrhippus
  • Genus †Xenicohippus
  • Genus †Eurohippus
  • Genus †Propalaeotherium
  • Subfamily †Anchitheriinae
    • Genus †Anchitherium
    • Genus †Archaeohippus
    • Genus †Desmatippus
    • Genus †Hypohippus
    • Genus †Kalobatippus
    • Genus †Megahippus
    • Genus †Mesohippus
    • Genus †Miohippus
    • Genus †Parahippus
    • Genus †Sinohippus
  • Subfamily Equinae
    • Genus †Merychippus
    • Genus †Scaphohippus
    • Genus †Acritohippus
    • Tribe †Hipparionini
      • Genus †Eurygnathohippus
      • Genus †Hipparion
      • Genus †Hippotherium
      • Genus †Nannippus
      • Genus †Neohipparion
      • Genus †Proboscidipparion
      • Genus †Pseudhipparion
    • Tribe Equini
      • Genus †Astrohippus
      • Genus †Calippus
      • Genus †Dinohippus
      • Genus Equus (22 species, 7 extant)
      • Genus †Hippidion
      • Genus †Onohippidium
      • Genus †Pliohippus
      • Genus †Protohippus
      • Genus †Heteropliohippus
      • Genus †Parapliohippus

References

Equine Equine science and management Equine anatomy Equine nutrition Horse behavior Horse care Horse breeding Horse genome Equine conformation Equine coat color Horse gait Equestrianism and sport Glossary of equestrian terms List of equestrian sports Horse tack Bit Bridle Saddle Harness English riding Western riding Driving Horse training Horse racing Equestrian at the Summer Olympics (medalists, venues) Horse show Equitation Evolution and history Domestication of the horse Horses in warfare Horses in the Middle Ages Horses in East Asian warfare History of the horse in South Asia Horses in the Napoleonic Wars Horses in World War I Horses in World War II History of the horse in Britain Horse worship Horse burial Horse breeds, types and other Equidae Horses List of horse breeds Draft horse Feral horse Gaited horse Mountain and moorland pony breeds Sport horse Stock horse Warmblood Wild horse Other Equus List of donkey breeds Donkey Zebra Onager Hybrids Hinny Mule Zebroid Category Portal