World Library  
My Account |  Register |  Help  
  
Flag as Inappropriate
Email this Article

Estrogen receptor alpha

Article Id: WHEBN0005591060
Reproduction Date:

Title: Estrogen receptor alpha  
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Estrogen receptor, Estrogen-related receptor alpha, POU4F2, Small heterodimer partner, Testicular receptor 2
Collection: Intracellular Receptors, Transcription Factors
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Publication
Date:
 

Estrogen receptor alpha

Estrogen receptor 1
PDB rendering based on 1a52.
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
Identifiers
Symbols  ; ER; ESR; ESRA; ESTRR; Era; NR3A1
External IDs IUPHAR: ChEMBL: GeneCards:
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)
RefSeq (protein)
Location (UCSC)
PubMed search

Estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α), also known as NR3A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen. In humans, ER-α is encoded by the gene ESR1 (EStrogen Receptor 1).[1][2][3]

Contents

  • Structure 1
  • Coactivators 2
  • Interactions 3
  • References 4
  • Further reading 5
  • External links 6

Structure

The estrogen receptor (ESR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription.[4] Alternative splicing results in several ESR1 mRNA transcripts, which differ primarily in their 5-prime untranslated regions. The translated receptors show less variability.[5][6]

Coactivators

Coactivators of ER-α include:

  • SRC-1[7][8]
  • AIB1 – amplified in breast 1[9]
  • BCAS3 – Breast carcinoma amplified sequence 3[10]
  • PELP-1 – Proline-, glutamic acid-, leucine-rich protein 1[11]

Interactions

Estrogen receptor alpha has been shown to interact with:

References

  1. ^ "Entrez Gene: ESR1 estrogen receptor 1". 
  2. ^ Walter P, Green S, Greene G, Krust A, Bornert JM, Jeltsch JM, Staub A, Jensen E, Scrace G, Waterfield M (December 1985). "Cloning of the human estrogen receptor cDNA". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (23): 7889–93.  
  3. ^ Greene GL, Gilna P, Waterfield M, Baker A, Hort Y, Shine J (March 1986). "Sequence and expression of human estrogen receptor complementary DNA". Science 231 (4742): 1150–4.  
  4. ^ Dahlman-Wright K, Cavailles V, Fuqua SA, Jordan VC, Katzenellenbogen JA, Korach KS, Maggi A, Muramatsu M, Parker MG, Gustafsson JA (December 2006). "International Union of Pharmacology. LXIV. Estrogen receptors". Pharmacol. Rev. 58 (4): 773–81.  
  5. ^ "Entrez Gene: DBI diazepam binding inhibitor (GABA receptor modulator, acyl-Coenzyme A binding protein)". 
  6. ^ Kos M, Reid G, Denger S, Gannon F (December 2001). "Minireview: genomic organization of the human ERalpha gene promoter region". Mol. Endocrinol. 15 (12): 2057–63.  
  7. ^ Shang Y, Brown M (2002). "Molecular determinants for the tissue specificity of SERMs". Science 295 (5564): 2465–8.  
  8. ^ Smith CL, O'Malley BW (2004). "Coregulator function: a key to understanding tissue specificity of selective receptor modulators". Endocr Rev 25 (1): 45–71.  
  9. ^ Anzick SL, Kononen J, Walker RL, Azorsa DO, Tanner MM, Guan XY, Sauter G, Kallioniemi OP, Trent JM, Meltzer PS (1997). "AIB1, a steroid receptor coactivator amplified in breast and ovarian cancer". Science 277 (5328): 965–8.  
  10. ^ Gururaj AE, Peng S, Vadlamudi RK, Kumar R (August 2007). "Estrogen induces expression of BCAS3, a novel estrogen receptor-alpha coactivator, through proline-, glutamic acid-, and leucine-rich protein-1 (PELP1)". Mol. Endocrinol. 21 (8): 1847–60.  
  11. ^ Vadlamudi RK, Wang RA, Mazumdar A, Kim Y, Shin J, Sahin A, Kumar R (2001). "Molecular cloning and characterization of PELP1, a novel human coregulator of estrogen receptor alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (41): 38272–9.  
  12. ^ Rubino D, Driggers P, Arbit D, Kemp L, Miller B, Coso O, Pagliai K, Gray K, Gutkind S, Segars J (May 1998). "Characterization of Brx, a novel Dbl family member that modulates estrogen receptor action". Oncogene 16 (19): 2513–26.  
  13. ^ Wormke M, Stoner M, Saville B, Walker K, Abdelrahim M, Burghardt R, Safe S (Mar 2003). "The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Mediates Degradation of Estrogen Receptor α through Activation of Proteasomes". Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (6): 1843–55.  
  14. ^ Klinge CM, Kaur K, Swanson HI (Jan 2000). "The aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacts with estrogen receptor alpha and orphan receptors COUP-TFI and ERRalpha1". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 373 (1): 163–74.  
  15. ^ Zheng L, Annab LA, Afshari CA, Lee WH, Boyer TG (Aug 2001). "BRCA1 mediates ligand-independent transcriptional repression of the estrogen receptor".  
  16. ^ Fan S, Ma YX, Wang C, Yuan RQ, Meng Q, Wang JA, Erdos M, Goldberg ID, Webb P, Kushner PJ, Pestell RG, Rosen EM (Jan 2001). "Role of direct interaction in BRCA1 inhibition of estrogen receptor activity". Oncogene 20 (1): 77–87.  
  17. ^ Kawai H, Li H, Chun P, Avraham S, Avraham HK (Oct 2002). "Direct interaction between BRCA1 and the estrogen receptor regulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transcription and secretion in breast cancer cells". Oncogene 21 (50): 7730–9.  
  18. ^ a b c Fan S, Ma YX, Wang C, Yuan RQ, Meng Q, Wang JA, Erdos M, Goldberg ID, Webb P, Kushner PJ, Pestell RG, Rosen EM (Jan 2002). "p300 Modulates the BRCA1 inhibition of estrogen receptor activity". Cancer Res. 62 (1): 141–51.  
  19. ^ Schlegel A, Wang C, Pestell RG, Lisanti MP (Oct 2001). "Ligand-independent activation of oestrogen receptor alpha by caveolin-1". Biochem. J. 359 (Pt 1): 203–10.  
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kang YK, Guermah M, Yuan CX, Roeder RG (Mar 2002). "The TRAP/Mediator coactivator complex interacts directly with estrogen receptors α and β through the TRAP220 subunit and directly enhances estrogen receptor function in vitro".  
  21. ^ Ma ZQ, Liu Z, Ngan ES, Tsai SY (Dec 2001). "Cdc25B Functions as a Novel Coactivator for the Steroid Receptors". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (23): 8056–67.  
  22. ^ Boruk M, Savory JG, Haché RJ (Nov 1998). "AF-2-dependent potentiation of CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta-mediated transcriptional activation by glucocorticoid receptor". Mol. Endocrinol. 12 (11): 1749–63.  
  23. ^ Stein B, Yang MX (Sep 1995). "Repression of the interleukin-6 promoter by estrogen receptor is mediated by NF-kappa B and C/EBP beta". Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 (9): 4971–9.  
  24. ^ Aiyar SE, Sun JL, Blair AL, Moskaluk CA, Lu YZ, Ye QN, Yamaguchi Y, Mukherjee A, Ren DM, Handa H, Li R (Sep 2004). "Attenuation of estrogen receptor α-mediated transcription through estrogen-stimulated recruitment of a negative elongation factor". Genes Dev. 18 (17): 2134–46.  
  25. ^ Métivier R, Gay FA, Hübner MR, Flouriot G, Salbert G, Gannon F, Kah O, Pakdel F (Jul 2002). "Formation of an hERα–COUP-TFI complex enhances hERα AF-1 through Ser118 phosphorylation by MAPK". EMBO J. 21 (13): 3443–53.  
  26. ^ a b Sheppard HM, Harries JC, Hussain S, Bevan C, Heery DM (Jan 2001). "Analysis of the Steroid Receptor Coactivator 1 (SRC1)-CREB Binding Protein Interaction Interface and Its Importance for the Function of SRC1". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (1): 39–50.  
  27. ^ Zwijsen RM, Wientjens E, Klompmaker R, van der Sman J, Bernards R, Michalides RJ (Feb 1997). "CDK-independent activation of estrogen receptor by cyclin D1". Cell 88 (3): 405–15.  
  28. ^ a b c d e f Watanabe M, Yanagisawa J, Kitagawa H, Takeyama K, Ogawa S, Arao Y, Suzawa M, Kobayashi Y, Yano T, Yoshikawa H, Masuhiro Y, Kato S (Mar 2001). "A subfamily of RNA-binding DEAD-box proteins acts as an estrogen receptor α coactivator through the N-terminal activation domain (AF-1) with an RNA coactivator, SRA". EMBO J. 20 (6): 1341–52.  
  29. ^ Endoh H, Maruyama K, Masuhiro Y, Kobayashi Y, Goto M, Tai H, Yanagisawa J, Metzger D, Hashimoto S, Kato S (Aug 1999). "Purification and Identification of p68 RNA Helicase Acting as a Transcriptional Coactivator Specific for the Activation Function 1 of Human Estrogen Receptor α". Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (8): 5363–72.  
  30. ^ Bu H, Kashireddy P, Chang J, Zhu YT, Zhang Z, Zheng W, Rao SM, Zhu YJ (Apr 2004). "ERBP, a novel estrogen receptor binding protein enhancing the activity of estrogen receptor". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 317 (1): 54–9.  
  31. ^ Fajas L, Egler V, Reiter R, Hansen J, Kristiansen K, Debril MB, Miard S, Auwerx J (Dec 2002). "The retinoblastoma-histone deacetylase 3 complex inhibits PPARgamma and adipocyte differentiation". Dev. Cell 3 (6): 903–10.  
  32. ^ Ogawa S, Inoue S, Watanabe T, Hiroi H, Orimo A, Hosoi T, Ouchi Y, Muramatsu M (Feb 1998). "The complete primary structure of human estrogen receptor beta (hER beta) and its heterodimerization with ER alpha in vivo and in vitro". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243 (1): 122–6.  
  33. ^ Poelzl G, Kasai Y, Mochizuki N, Shaul PW, Brown M, Mendelsohn ME (Mar 2000). "Specific association of estrogen receptor β with the cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint protein, MAD2".  
  34. ^ Schuur ER, Loktev AV, Sharma M, Sun Z, Roth RA, Weigel RJ (Sep 2001). "Ligand-dependent interaction of estrogen receptor-alpha with members of the forkhead transcription factor family". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (36): 33554–60.  
  35. ^ Deschênes J, Bourdeau V, White JH, Mader S (June 2007). "Regulation of GREB1 transcription by estrogen receptor alpha through a multipartite enhancer spread over 20 kb of upstream flanking sequences.". J. Biol. Chem. 282 (24): 17335–17339.  
  36. ^ Chen D, Riedl T, Washbrook E, Pace PE, Coombes RC, Egly JM, Ali S (Jul 2000). "Activation of estrogen receptor alpha by S118 phosphorylation involves a ligand-dependent interaction with TFIIH and participation of CDK7". Mol. Cell 6 (1): 127–37.  
  37. ^ Nair SC, Toran EJ, Rimerman RA, Hjermstad S, Smithgall TE, Smith DF (Dec 1996). "A pathway of multi-chaperone interactions common to diverse regulatory proteins: estrogen receptor, Fes tyrosine kinase, heat shock transcription factor Hsf1, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor". Cell Stress Chaperones 1 (4): 237–50.  
  38. ^ Lee MO, Kim EO, Kwon HJ, Kim YM, Kang HJ, Kang H, Lee JE (Feb 2002). "Radicicol represses the transcriptional function of the estrogen receptor by suppressing the stabilization of the receptor by heat shock protein 90". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 188 (1–2): 47–54.  
  39. ^ Gay F, Anglade I, Gong Z, Salbert G (Oct 2000). "The LIM/homeodomain protein islet-1 modulates estrogen receptor functions". Mol. Endocrinol. 14 (10): 1627–48.  
  40. ^ Chan SW, Hong W (Jul 2001). "Retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 (Rbp2) potentiates nuclear hormone receptor-mediated transcription". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (30): 28402–12.  
  41. ^ Abbondanza C, Rossi V, Roscigno A, Gallo L, Belsito A, Piluso G, Medici N, Nigro V, Molinari AM, Moncharmont B, Puca GA (Jun 1998). "Interaction of Vault Particles with Estrogen Receptor in the MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell". J. Cell Biol. 141 (6): 1301–10.  
  42. ^ a b c Kitagawa H, Fujiki R, Yoshimura K, Mezaki Y, Uematsu Y, Matsui D, Ogawa S, Unno K, Okubo M, Tokita A, Nakagawa T, Ito T, Ishimi Y, Nagasawa H, Matsumoto T, Yanagisawa J, Kato S (Jun 2003). "The chromatin-remodeling complex WINAC targets a nuclear receptor to promoters and is impaired in Williams syndrome". Cell 113 (7): 905–17.  
  43. ^ a b Teo AK, Oh HK, Ali RB, Li BF (Oct 2001). "The Modified Human DNA Repair Enzyme O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Is a Negative Regulator of Estrogen Receptor-Mediated Transcription upon Alkylation DNA Damage". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (20): 7105–14.  
  44. ^ Talukder AH, Mishra SK, Mandal M, Balasenthil S, Mehta S, Sahin AA, Barnes CJ, Kumar R (Mar 2003). "MTA1 interacts with MAT1, a cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase complex ring finger factor, and regulates estrogen receptor transactivation functions". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (13): 11676–85.  
  45. ^ Kumar R, Wang RA, Mazumdar A, Talukder AH, Mandal M, Yang Z, Bagheri-Yarmand R, Sahin A, Hortobagyi G, Adam L, Barnes CJ, Vadlamudi RK (Aug 2002). "A naturally occurring MTA1 variant sequesters oestrogen receptor-alpha in the cytoplasm".  
  46. ^ Mazumdar A, Wang RA, Mishra SK, Adam L, Bagheri-Yarmand R, Mandal M, Vadlamudi RK, Kumar R (Jan 2001). "Transcriptional repression of oestrogen receptor by metastasis-associated protein 1 corepressor". Nat. Cell Biol. 3 (1): 30–7.  
  47. ^ Lee SK, Anzick SL, Choi JE, Bubendorf L, Guan XY, Jung YK, Kallioniemi OP, Kononen J, Trent JM, Azorsa D, Jhun BH, Cheong JH, Lee YC, Meltzer PS, Lee JW (Nov 1999). "A nuclear factor, ASC-2, as a cancer-amplified transcriptional coactivator essential for ligand-dependent transactivation by nuclear receptors in vivo". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (48): 34283–93.  
  48. ^ Ko L, Cardona GR, Iwasaki T, Bramlett KS, Burris TP, Chin WW (Jan 2002). "Ser-884 adjacent to the LXXLL motif of coactivator TRBP defines selectivity for ERs and TRs". Mol. Endocrinol. 16 (1): 128–40.  
  49. ^ a b DiRenzo J, Shang Y, Phelan M, Sif S, Myers M, Kingston R, Brown M (Oct 2000). "BRG-1 Is Recruited to Estrogen-Responsive Promoters and Cooperates with Factors Involved in Histone Acetylation". Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 (20): 7541–9.  
  50. ^ Kalkhoven E, Valentine JE, Heery DM, Parker MG (Jan 1998). "Isoforms of steroid receptor co-activator 1 differ in their ability to potentiate transcription by the oestrogen receptor". EMBO J. 17 (1): 232–43.  
  51. ^ Wärnmark A, Treuter E, Gustafsson JA, Hubbard RE, Brzozowski AM, Pike AC (Jun 2002). "Interaction of transcriptional intermediary factor 2 nuclear receptor box peptides with the coactivator binding site of estrogen receptor alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (24): 21862–8.  
  52. ^ He B, Wilson EM (Mar 2003). "Electrostatic Modulation in Steroid Receptor Recruitment of LXXLL and FXXLF Motifs". Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (6): 2135–50.  
  53. ^ Fenne IS, Hoang T, Hauglid M, Sagen JV, Lien EA, Mellgren G (Sep 2008). "Recruitment of coactivator glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1 to an estrogen receptor transcription complex is regulated by the 3',5'-cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase".  
  54. ^ Wong CW, Komm B, Cheskis BJ (Jun 2001). "Structure-function evaluation of ER alpha and beta interplay with SRC family coactivators. ER selective ligands". Biochemistry 40 (23): 6756–65.  
  55. ^ Tikkanen MK, Carter DJ, Harris AM, Le HM, Azorsa DO, Meltzer PS, Murdoch FE (Nov 2000). "Endogenously expressed estrogen receptor and coactivator AIB1 interact in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells".  
  56. ^ Cavaillès V, Dauvois S, L'Horset F, Lopez G, Hoare S, Kushner PJ, Parker MG (Aug 1995). "Nuclear factor RIP140 modulates transcriptional activation by the estrogen receptor". EMBO J. 14 (15): 3741–51.  
  57. ^ a b Thénot S, Henriquet C, Rochefort H, Cavaillès V (May 1997). "Differential interaction of nuclear receptors with the putative human transcriptional coactivator hTIF1". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (18): 12062–8.  
  58. ^ L'Horset F, Dauvois S, Heery DM, Cavaillès V, Parker MG (Nov 1996). "RIP-140 interacts with multiple nuclear receptors by means of two distinct sites". Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (11): 6029–36.  
  59. ^ a b Johnsen SA, Güngör C, Prenzel T, Riethdorf S, Riethdorf L, Taniguchi-Ishigaki N, Rau T, Tursun B, Furlow JD, Sauter G, Scheffner M, Pantel K, Gannon F, Bach I (Jan 2009). "Regulation of Estrogen-Dependent Transcription by the LIM Cofactors CLIM and RLIM in Breast Cancer". Cancer Res. 69 (1): 128–36.  
  60. ^ a b Budhram-Mahadeo V, Parker M, Latchman DS (Feb 1998). "POU Transcription Factors Brn-3a and Brn-3b Interact with the Estrogen Receptor and Differentially Regulate Transcriptional Activity via an Estrogen Response Element". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (2): 1029–41.  
  61. ^ Abbondanza C, Medici N, Nigro V, Rossi V, Gallo L, Piluso G, Belsito A, Roscigno A, Bontempo P, Puca AA, Molinari AM, Moncharmont B, Puca GA (Mar 2000). "The retinoblastoma-interacting zinc-finger protein RIZ is a downstream effector of estrogen action".  
  62. ^ Qi C, Chang J, Zhu Y, Yeldandi AV, Rao SM, Zhu YJ (Aug 2002). "Identification of protein arginine methyltransferase 2 as a coactivator for estrogen receptor alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (32): 28624–30.  
  63. ^ Jung DJ, Na SY, Na DS, Lee JW (Jan 2002). "Molecular cloning and characterization of CAPER, a novel coactivator of activating protein-1 and estrogen receptors". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2): 1229–34.  
  64. ^ Townson SM, Kang K, Lee AV, Oesterreich S (Jun 2004). "Structure-function analysis of the estrogen receptor alpha corepressor scaffold attachment factor-B1: identification of a potent transcriptional repression domain". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (25): 26074–81.  
  65. ^ Oesterreich S, Zhang Q, Hopp T, Fuqua SA, Michaelis M, Zhao HH, Davie JR, Osborne CK, Lee AV (Mar 2000). "Tamoxifen-bound estrogen receptor (ER) strongly interacts with the nuclear matrix protein HET/SAF-B, a novel inhibitor of ER-mediated transactivation". Mol. Endocrinol. 14 (3): 369–81.  
  66. ^ Townson SM, Dobrzycka KM, Lee AV, Air M, Deng W, Kang K, Jiang S, Kioka N, Michaelis K, Oesterreich S (May 2003). "SAFB2, a new scaffold attachment factor homolog and estrogen receptor corepressor". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (22): 20059–68.  
  67. ^ Song RX, McPherson RA, Adam L, Bao Y, Shupnik M, Kumar R, Santen RJ (Jan 2002). "Linkage of rapid estrogen action to MAPK activation by ERalpha-Shc association and Shc pathway activation". Mol. Endocrinol. 16 (1): 116–27.  
  68. ^ Seol W, Hanstein B, Brown M, Moore DD (Oct 1998). "Inhibition of estrogen receptor action by the orphan receptor SHP (short heterodimer partner)". Mol. Endocrinol. 12 (10): 1551–7.  
  69. ^ Klinge CM, Jernigan SC, Risinger KE (Mar 2002). "The agonist activity of tamoxifen is inhibited by the short heterodimer partner orphan nuclear receptor in human endometrial cancer cells".  
  70. ^ Ichinose H, Garnier JM, Chambon P, Losson R (Mar 1997). "Ligand-dependent interaction between the estrogen receptor and the human homologues of SWI2/SNF2". Gene 188 (1): 95–100.  
  71. ^ Belandia B, Orford RL, Hurst HC, Parker MG (Aug 2002). "Targeting of SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complexes to estrogen-responsive genes". EMBO J. 21 (15): 4094–103.  
  72. ^ Migliaccio A, Castoria G, Di Domenico M, de Falco A, Bilancio A, Lombardi M, Barone MV, Ametrano D, Zannini MS, Abbondanza C, Auricchio F (Oct 2000). "Steroid-induced androgen receptor–oestradiol receptor β–Src complex triggers prostate cancer cell proliferation". EMBO J. 19 (20): 5406–17.  
  73. ^ Kim HJ, Yi JY, Sung HS, Moore DD, Jhun BH, Lee YC, Lee JW (Sep 1999). "Activating Signal Cointegrator 1, a Novel Transcription Coactivator of Nuclear Receptors, and Its Cytosolic Localization under Conditions of Serum Deprivation". Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (9): 6323–32.  
  74. ^ Slentz-Kesler K, Moore JT, Lombard M, Zhang J, Hollingsworth R, Weiner MP (Oct 2000). "Identification of the human Mnk2 gene (MKNK2) through protein interaction with estrogen receptor beta". Genomics 69 (1): 63–71.  
  75. ^ Hu YC, Shyr CR, Che W, Mu XM, Kim E, Chang C (Sep 2002). "Suppression of estrogen receptor-mediated transcription and cell growth by interaction with TR2 orphan receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (37): 33571–9.  
  76. ^ Shyr CR, Hu YC, Kim E, Chang C (Apr 2002). "Modulation of estrogen receptor-mediated transactivation by orphan receptor TR4 in MCF-7 cells". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (17): 14622–8.  
  77. ^ Chen D, Lucey MJ, Phoenix F, Lopez-Garcia J, Hart SM, Losson R, Buluwela L, Coombes RC, Chambon P, Schär P, Ali S (Oct 2003). "T:G mismatch-specific thymine-DNA glycosylase potentiates transcription of estrogen-regulated genes through direct interaction with estrogen receptor alpha". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (40): 38586–92.  
  78. ^ Thénot S, Bonnet S, Boulahtouf A, Margeat E, Royer CA, Borgna JL, Cavaillès V (Dec 1999). "Effect of ligand and DNA binding on the interaction between human transcription intermediary factor 1alpha and estrogen receptors". Mol. Endocrinol. 13 (12): 2137–50.  
  79. ^ Ding L, Yan J, Zhu J, Zhong H, Lu Q, Wang Z, Huang C, Ye Q (Sep 2003). "Ligand-independent activation of estrogen receptor α by XBP-1". Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (18): 5266–74.  

Further reading

  • McDonnell DP, Norris JD (2002). "Connections and regulation of the human estrogen receptor". Science 296 (5573): 1642–4.  
  • Simoncini T, Fornari L, Mannella P, Varone G, Caruso A, Liao JK, Genazzani AR (2003). "Novel non-transcriptional mechanisms for estrogen receptor signaling in the cardiovascular system. Interaction of estrogen receptor alpha with phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase". Steroids 67 (12): 935–9.  
  • Lannigan DA (2003). "Estrogen receptor phosphorylation". Steroids 68 (1): 1–9.  
  • Herrington DM (2003). "Role of estrogen receptor-alpha in pharmacogenetics of estrogen action". Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 14 (2): 145–50.  
  • Tanaka Y, Sasaki M, Kaneuchi M, Fujimoto S, Dahiya R (2004). "Estrogen receptor alpha polymorphisms and renal cell carcinoma--a possible risk". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 202 (1–2): 109–16.  
  • Ali S, Coombes RC (2004). "Estrogen receptor alpha in human breast cancer: occurrence and significance". Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 5 (3): 271–81.  
  • Olsson H (2004). "Estrogen receptor content in malignant breast tumors in men--a review". Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 5 (3): 283–7.  
  • Surmacz E, Bartucci M (2005). "Role of estrogen receptor alpha in modulating IGF-I receptor signaling and function in breast cancer". J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 23 (3): 385–94.  
  • Evinger AJ, Levin ER (2005). "Requirements for estrogen receptor alpha membrane localization and function". Steroids 70 (5–7): 361–3.  
  • Wang CL, Tang XY, Chen WQ, Su YX, Zhang CX, Chen YM (2007). "Association of estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms with bone mineral density in Chinese women: a meta-analysis". Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA 18 (3): 295–305.  
  • Keaveney M, Klug J, Gannon F (1992). "Sequence analysis of the 5' flanking region of the human estrogen receptor gene". DNA Seq. 2 (6): 347–58.  
  • Piva R, Gambari R, Zorzato F, Kumar L, del Senno L (1992). "Analysis of upstream sequences of the human estrogen receptor gene". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 183 (3): 996–1002.  
  • Reese JC, Katzenellenbogen BS (1992). "Characterization of a temperature-sensitive mutation in the hormone binding domain of the human estrogen receptor. Studies in cell extracts and intact cells and their implications for hormone-dependent transcriptional activation". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (14): 9868–73.  
  • Dotzlaw H, Alkhalaf M, Murphy LC (1992). "Characterization of estrogen receptor variant mRNAs from human breast cancers". Mol. Endocrinol. 6 (5): 773–85.  
  • Keaveney M, Klug J, Dawson MT, Nestor PV, Neilan JG, Forde RC, Gannon F (1991). "Evidence for a previously unidentified upstream exon in the human oestrogen receptor gene". J. Mol. Endocrinol. 6 (1): 111–5.  
  • Reese JC, Katzenellenbogen BS (1991). "Mutagenesis of cysteines in the hormone binding domain of the human estrogen receptor. Alterations in binding and transcriptional activation by covalently and reversibly attaching ligands". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (17): 10880–7.  
  • Schwabe JW, Neuhaus D, Rhodes D (1991). "Solution structure of the DNA-binding domain of the oestrogen receptor". Nature 348 (6300): 458–61.  
  • Tora L, Mullick A, Metzger D, Ponglikitmongkol M, Park I, Chambon P (1989). "The cloned human oestrogen receptor contains a mutation which alters its hormone binding properties". EMBO J. 8 (7): 1981–6.  
  • Ponglikitmongkol M, Green S, Chambon P (1989). "Genomic organization of the human oestrogen receptor gene". EMBO J. 7 (11): 3385–8.  
  • Greene GL, Gilna P, Waterfield M, Baker A, Hort Y, Shine J (1986). "Sequence and expression of human estrogen receptor complementary DNA". Science 231 (4742): 1150–4.  

External links

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.


This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov, .mil, .edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002.
 
Crowd sourced content that is contributed to World Heritage Encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles.
 
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. World Heritage Encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the World Public Library Association, a non-profit organization.
 


Copyright © World Library Foundation. All rights reserved. eBooks from Project Gutenberg are sponsored by the World Library Foundation,
a 501c(4) Member's Support Non-Profit Organization, and is NOT affiliated with any governmental agency or department.