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The line of monarchs who reigned over territories that would become Canadian or over Canada itself begins approximately at the turn of the 16th century.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] The date of the first establishment a monarchical form of government in parts of the territory which now forms Canada varies: some sources give the year as 1497, when King Henry VII claimed parts of Newfoundland,[11][12] while others put it at 1534, when New France was founded in the name of King Francis I.[13][14] Monarchical governance thenceforth evolved under a continuous succession of French and British sovereigns, and eventually the legally distinct Canadian monarchy.[4][5][11][14][15][16][17] Since John Cabot first lay claim to Canada in the name of Henry VII,[18] there have been 33 sovereigns of Canada, including two sets of co-sovereigns.[19][20]
While Canada became a kingdom in its own right within the British Empire upon Confederation in 1867,[21][22][23] the concept of a fully independent Canada sharing the person of the sovereign with the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms only emerged gradually over time through constitutional convention,[24] and was officially confirmed with the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931.[25] Since then,[20] the Canadian Crown has been legally distinct from those of the other Commonwealth realms, with its own separate and distinct monarch.[N 1] Though the term king of Canada was used as early as the beginning of the reign of George VI,[27] it was not until 1953 that the monarch's title was made official, with Elizabeth II being the first monarch to be separately proclaimed as Queen of Canada, as per the Royal Style and Titles Act.
The Canadian monarchs' consort—his or her spouse—has no constitutional status or power, but is a member of the Canadian Royal Family. In the United Kingdom, all female consorts have had the right to and have held the title of Queen Consort; as Canada does not have laws or letters patent under the Great Seal of Canada laying out the styles of any Royal Family members besides the monarch, royal consorts are addressed in Canada using the style and title as they hold in the UK. After informal discussions amongst the various Commonwealth prime ministers between 1954 and 1957, it was decided that Prince Philip, husband of Elizabeth II, would not be granted the title of Prince Consort.[29][30]
Since Confederation, two sovereigns have reigned over Canada without a consort: Victoria's husband, Albert, who died before Confederation, and, as Wallis Simpson married the Duke of Windsor after his abdication, she was never queen consort of Canada. Though Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (the current wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the throne of Canada), will technically become queen consort in the United Kingdom, Clarence House has stated that, due to public opinion regarding her relationship with the Prince of Wales, she will be styled there as Princess Consort.[31][32][33]
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