South Carolina's 1st congressional district

South Carolina's 1st congressional district
South Carolina's 1st congressional district - since January 3, 2013.
Current Representative		Mark Sanford (R–Charleston)
Population (2000)	668,668
Median income	$40,713
Ethnicity	74.8% White, 21.1% Black, 1.3% Asian, 2.5% Hispanic, 0.4% Native American, 0.2% other
Cook PVI	R+11

The 1st Congressional District of South Carolina is a coastal congressional district in South Carolina, represented by Republican Mark Sanford since his election in 2013.

The district has historically been based in Horry County to the North Carolina line.

In 2010, the state received another seat in Congressional apportionment due to an increase in population. The state's districts had to be redrawn, which was completed in 2013. In the final plan, the 1st congressional district was redrawn to reach from Hilton Head to mid-coast South Carolina, ending at the Santee River. This configuration is similar to the one it had for most of the 20th century. Horry County was included in the new 7th congressional district.

History

Following the Civil War and granting of citizenship to former slaves, in 1870, Charleston's population was 53 percent black; and Charleston County had a 73 percent black majority.^[1] The city's large population of free people of color had developed many leaders who advanced in the changing society. These population majorities protected freedmen against some of the election-related violence that occurred in other parts of the state in the 1870s as white Democrats worked to suppress black voting and regain political control of the state.^[1] During Reconstruction, the mostly black Republicans from this district supported Republican candidates, including four terms for Joseph H. Rainey as US Representative to Congress, a record by an African-American legislator not surpassed until the 1950s.

After the Democrats regained control of the state in 1876, during an election season marked by violence and fraud, and Reconstruction ended in 1877, they passed laws establishing racial segregation and making voter registration and voting more difficult, such as the "eight-box law." African-American disfranchised most African-American citizens in 1896. Their participation in the political system was ended for seven decades. The white Democrats established a one-party state and used various devices to maintain the exclusion of blacks until after passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s.

Party realignments in the late 20th century resulted in many new black voters supporting the national Democratic Party, which supported their fight for civil rights. White conservatives in the South shifted and joined the Republican Party, in 1980 electing the first Republican congressman from the state to be elected in the 20th century. Since the buildup of the military in this region, especially the Navy, the area's white voters have supported conservative candidates.

Given the crippling of the Republican Party by the disfranchisement of blacks, a Republican was not elected to a full term in this district in the 20th century until 1980, when Tommy Hartnett was swept in by Reagan's coattails. But, his election represented a different party and was the result of a major realignment of white conservative voters in the late 20th century to the Republican, rather than the Democratic Party. Starting with national candidates in the late 1960s and 1970s, white voters in South Carolina began to shift to the Republican Party.

As after every decennial census, the state legislature conducted redistricting after the 1990 census. The white Republican-controlled legislature shifted most of Charleston's African-American majority areas into South Carolina's 6th Congressional District, creating a majority-minority district. To make up for the loss of population, the 1st was extended all the way up the Atlantic coast to Myrtle Beach.

Since that time, the 1st Congressional District has had a majority-white population. But, in 2008, with the appeal of the Barack Obama presidential campaign, Democrat Linda Ketner came within two points of winning the 1st district congressional seat. In the following off-year election of 2010, Republican Tim Scott, a conservative African American, won the seat with 65 percent of the vote.

2013 special election

As noted, Tim Scott, a Republican from North Charleston, was elected as the 1st district's representative in 2010. He was appointed by the governor to the United States Senate after Jim DeMint resigned on January 1, 2013.

The district boundaries had been redrawn in 2011. A special election was held on May 7, 2013 to determine the district's Representative to the US House to fill the new vacancy. In a Primary Election held on March 19, 2013, Elizabeth Colbert-Busch, the sister of comedian Stephen Colbert, won the Democratic nomination. Former Governor Mark Sanford, who represented the district from 1995 to 2001, and former Charleston County Councilman Curtis Eilliott Bostic faced each other in a runoff Primary for the Republican nomination on April 2, 2013. Sanford won the nomination, and defeated challengers Colbert-Busch and South Carolina Green Party candidate Eugene Platt in the special election on May 7.

List of representatives

Name	Years	Party	Electoral history
William L. Smith	March 4, 1789 – March 4, 1795	Pro-Administration	Resigned to become U.S. Minister to Portugal
	March 4, 1795 – July 10, 1797	Federalist
Vacant	July 10, 1797 – November 23, 1797
Thomas Pinckney	November 23, 1797 – March 4, 1801	Federalist	First elected to finish Smith's term
Thomas Lowndes	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805	Federalist
Robert Marion	March 4, 1805 – December 4, 1810	Democratic-Republican	Resigned
Vacant	December 4, 1810 – December 31, 1810
Langdon Cheves	December 31, 1810 – March 4, 1815	Democratic-Republican
Henry Middleton	March 4, 1815 – March 4, 1819	Democratic-Republican
Charles Pinckney	March 4, 1819 – March 4, 1821	Democratic-Republican
Joel R. Poinsett	March 4, 1821 – March 4, 1823	Democratic-Republican	Resigned to become U.S. Minister to Mexico
	March 4, 1823 – March 4, 1825	Jacksonian D-R
	March 4, 1825 – March 7, 1825	Jacksonian
Vacant	March 7, 1825 – May 17, 1825
William Drayton	May 17, 1825 – March 4, 1833	Jacksonian
Henry L. Pinckney	March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837	Nullifier
Hugh S. Legaré	March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1839	Democratic
Isaac E. Holmes	March 4, 1839 – March 4, 1843	Democratic	Redistricted to the 6th district
James A. Black	March 4, 1843 – April 3, 1848	Democratic	Died
Vacant	April 3, 1848 – June 12, 1848
Daniel Wallace	June 12, 1848 – March 4, 1853	Democratic
John McQueen	March 4, 1853 – December 21, 1860	Democratic	Redistricted from the 4th district Retired
Civil War and Reconstruction	December 21, 1860 – July 18, 1868
Benjamin F. Whittemore	July 18, 1868 – February 24, 1870	Republican	Resigned
Vacant	February 24, 1870 – December 12, 1870
Joseph H. Rainey	December 12, 1870 – March 4, 1879	Republican	Elected to four terms, establishing a record for service by a black congressman not surpassed until the 1950s. Lost election, 1878
John S. Richardson	March 4, 1879 – March 4, 1883	Democratic
Samuel Dibble	March 4, 1883 – March 4, 1891	Democratic
William H. Brawley	March 4, 1891 – February 12, 1894	Democratic	Resigned to become U.S. District Judge
Vacant	February 12, 1894 – April 12, 1894
James F. Izlar	April 12, 1894 – March 4, 1895	Democratic
William Elliott	March 4, 1895 – June 4, 1896	Democratic	Lost contested election
George W. Murray	June 4, 1896 – March 3, 1897	Republican	Won contested election
William Elliott	March 4, 1897 – March 4, 1903	Democratic
George S. Legaré	March 4, 1903 – January 31, 1913	Democratic	Died
Vacant	January 31, 1913 – April 29, 1913
Richard S. Whaley	April 29, 1913 – March 4, 1921	Democratic
W. Turner Logan	March 4, 1921 – March 4, 1925	Democratic
Thomas S. McMillan	March 4, 1925 – September 29, 1939	Democratic	Died
Vacant	September 29, 1939 – November 7, 1939
Clara Gooding McMillan	November 7, 1939 – January 3, 1941	Democratic	Elected to finish her husband's term
L. Mendel Rivers	January 3, 1941 – December 28, 1970	Democratic	Died
Vacant	December 28, 1970 – April 27, 1971
Mendel Jackson Davis	April 27, 1971 – January 3, 1981	Democratic	Retired for health reasons
Thomas Hartnett	January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1987	Republican	Retired to run for Lieutenant Governor
Arthur Ravenel, Jr.	January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1995	Republican	Retired to run for Governor
Mark Sanford	January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2001	Republican	Retired run for Governor
Henry Brown	January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2011	Republican	Retired
Tim Scott	January 3, 2011 – January 2, 2013	Republican	First elected in 2010 Re-elected in 2012, but resigned when appointed to the United States Senate
Vacant	January 2, 2013 – May 7, 2013
Mark Sanford	May 7, 2013 – Present	Republican	Elected to finish Scott's term

Historical district boundaries

1995 - 2013

See also

• South Carolina's congressional districts
• List of United States congressional districts

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Melinda Meeks Hennessy, “Racial Violence During Reconstruction: The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cainhoy”, South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 86, No. 2, (April 1985), 104-106 (subscription required)

• Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 
• Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 
• Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present