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This article deals with the phonology of the standard Ukrainian language.
Ukrainian has six vowel phonemes: /ɛ ɪ i ɑ ɔ u/. /ɪ/ may be classified as retracted high-mid front vowel,[1] transcribed in narrow IPA as [e̠], [ë], [ɪ̞] or [ɘ̟].
Ukrainian has no phonemic distinction between long and short vowels, however unstressed vowels are somewhat reduced in time, and as a result, in quality.[2]
When consonants appear in pairs, the one to the left is voiceless and the one to the right voiced.
Phonetic details:
When two or more consonants occur word-finally, then a vowel is epenthesized under the following conditions.[14] Given a consonantal grouping C1(ь)C2(ь), where C is any consonant. The vowel is inserted between the two consonants and after the ь. A vowel is only inserted if C2 is either /k/, /w/, /l/, /m/, /r/, or /ts/. In this case:
It also has a non-syllabic [u̯] as an allophone of /w/. Moreover, due to their semi-vocalic nature these sounds alternate with the vowel phonemes /i/ and /u/ respectively, the latter being used at the absolute beginning of a phrase, after a pause or after a consonant and the former following a vowel and preceding a consonant (cluster), either within a word or at a word boundary:
This feature distinguishes Ukrainian phonology remarkably from Russian and Polish, two related languages with many cognates.
Voiceless obstruents are voiced when preceding voiced ones, but the reverse is not true.[15]
The exceptions are the words легко, вогко, нігті, кігті, дьогтю, дігтяр, and derivatives where /ɦ/ may be devoiced to [h], or even its phonological voiceless counterpart [x].
Sibilant consonants (including affricates) in clusters assimilate place of articulation and palatalization state of the last segment in a cluster. The most common case of such assimilation is verbal ending -шся where |ʃsʲɑ| assimilates into /sʲːɑ/.
There are some typical deviations which may appear in spoken language (often under influence of Russian language),[16] usually they are considered as phonetic errors by linguists.[17]
Modern standard Ukrainian descends from Common Slavic and is characterized by a number of sound changes and morphological developments, many of which are shared with other East Slavic languages. These include:
Russian language, Russian Empire, Ukraine, Ukrainians, Polish language
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