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Wildlife of Karnataka

 

Wildlife of Karnataka

Young sapling of sandalwood (Santalum album), the state tree

The state of Karnataka located in South India has a rich diversity of flora and fauna. It has a recorded forest area of 38720 km² which constitutes 20.19% of the total geographical area of the state.[1] These forests support 25% of the elephant population and 15% of the tiger population of India.[1] Many regions of Karnataka are as yet unexplored and new species of flora and fauna are found periodically. The mountains of Western Ghats which are in the western region of Karnataka are a biodiversity hotspot. Two sub-clusters of these Western Ghats viz. Talacauvery and Kudremukh which are located in Karnataka are in the tentative list of sites that could be designated as World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[2] The Bandipur and Nagarahole national parks which fall outside these subclusters were included in the Nilgiri biosphere reserve in 1986, a UNESCO designation.[3] The state bird and state animal of Karnataka are Indian Roller and the Indian Elephant respectively. The state tree and state flower are Sandalwood (Santalum album) and lotus respectively.[4] Karnataka has the highest no of tigers than any state in the country.

Contents

  • National parks in Karnataka 1
    • Anshi National Park 1.1
    • Bandipur National Park 1.2
    • Bannerughatta National Park 1.3
    • Kudremukh National Park 1.4
    • Nagarahole National Park 1.5
  • Wildlife sanctuaries 2
  • Bird sanctuaries 3
  • Dangers to flora and fauna 4
    • Poaching 4.1
    • Habitat destruction 4.2
    • Human–wildlife conflict 4.3
    • Pollution 4.4
    • Invasive new species 4.5
  • Conservation efforts 5
    • Relocation of human population 5.1
    • Usage of technology 5.2
    • Staff empowerment 5.3
  • Recently discovered species 6
  • Endangered species 7
  • Footnotes 8
  • External links 9

National parks in Karnataka

Lotus, the state flower
Lone Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), the state animal, in Nagarahole National Park
The tiger Panthera tigris. Karnataka has around 10% of the tiger population in India
Rhacophorus malabaricus, a gliding tree frog found in the Western Ghats
Male Gaur (Bos gaurus) in Nagarahole National Park

Karnataka has five national parks.

Anshi National Park

This park is present in the Uttara Kannada district and spreads over an area of 250 km². The altitude varies from 27 metres (89 ft) to 927 metres (3,041 ft), and temperatures from 15 °C to 35 °C. Average annual rainfall is about 4,700 millimetres (185 in) .

Bandipur National Park

It is situated within Chamarajanagar district covering an area of over 800 km² and adjoins the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. In 1973, Bandipur became one of the first of India's Tiger Reserves and became a part of Project Tiger. In 1974, intention was declared under the Wildlife Protection Act to notify it as a National Park.

Bannerughatta National Park

It is located in Bengalooru district and covers over 115 km² of area. Altitude varies from 740 metres (2,428 ft) to 1,034 metres (3,392 ft), temperature from 20° to 35 °C and the average annual rainfall is 700 millimetres (28 in).

Kudremukh National Park

Spread over an area of 600.32 km² it encompasses regions in the districts of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Chikmagalur. Altitude varies from 134 metres (440 ft) to 1,892 metres (6,207 ft). The park has a pleasant climate, with temperatures ranging from 17° to 28 °C. Annual rainfall varies from 1,778 millimetres (70 in) to 6,350 millimetres (250 in), with an average of 4,000 millimetres (157 in). The rivers Nethravati, Tunga and Bhadra are believed to originate here at Ganga Moola.

Nagarahole National Park

Also known as Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarahole) National Park gets its name from the Nagara Hole (Snake River in Kannada) which runs eastwards through its centre. Nagarahole river flows through the park before it joins the Kabini river that also acts as a boundary between Nagarahole and Bandipur. The park covers an area of about 575 km². The Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary of Kerala adjoins to the Southeast.

  • Flora:[5] These forests are dominated by teak and rosewood. The eastern limits of the park consist of regenerating dry deciduous forests. The west region of the park contains tropical moist and semi-evergreen forests. Interspersed with these forests are swampy fallows called hadlus, which are dominated by grasses and are favoured grazing areas of many wild herbivores.
  • Fauna:[5] Some of the species of mammals found in this park are [7] of birds identified in this park include Herons, Storks, Egrets, Ducks, Kites, Eagles, Falcons, Partridges, Quails, Peafowl, Owls, Lapwings, Sandpipers, Pigeons, Doves, Parakeets, Cuckoos, Nightjars, Swifts, Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, Barbets, Swallows, Larks, Woodpeckers, Shrikes and Orioles. Reptiles include Marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), Indian pond terrapin, Star tortoise, Common Indian monitor lizard (Varanus bengalensis), Forest calotes, Southern green calotes, Skinks (Mabuya spp.), Geckos, Spectacled cobra, Russell's viper, Common krait, Indian python (Python molurus), Checkered keelback, Green whip snake, Common Indian bronzeback, Flying snake, Wolf snake and Trinket snake.

Wildlife sanctuaries

The Great Indian Hornbill (Buceros bicornis), found in the forests of Karnataka
Spot-billed Pelican, (Pelecanus philippensis), a bird found in the bird sanctuaries of Karnataka
Rufous Babbler (Turdoides subrufus) at Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary

Karnataka also has the following 18 wildlife sanctuaries:

  • Adichunchanagiri Wildlife Sanctuary:[8] This is located in Mandya district and is spread over 0.88 square kilometres (0.34 sq mi). This was created mainly for the conservation of peacocks. It also houses nearly 250 species of birds.[9]
  • Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary:[10] This is located in Mysore district and is spread over 13.5 square kilometres (5.2 sq mi). This park consists of eucalyptus and sandalwood plantations. Leopard, fox and spotted deer are some of the animal species found here. Also around 230 species[11] of birds have been observed here over the years.
  • Biligiriranga Swamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary: This is located in the Chamarajanagar district and is spread over 539.58 square kilometres (208.33 sq mi). Some of the species of flora found here are Anogeissus latifolia, Grewia tilaefolia and Syzygium cumini. Species of mammals include elephants, tigers, leopards, sloth bear, gaur, barking deer and sambar. Among the 215 species of birds found here include Nilgiri wood pigeon, Malabar whistling thrush, Yellow-throated Bulbul, Peregrine Falcon, Rufous-bellied Hawk-Eagle. An endangered amphibian, Icthyophis ghytinosus' has been reported in this sanctuary.
  • Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary: This is located between the Chikkamagaluru and Shimoga districts and is spread over 492.46 square kilometres (190.14 sq mi). Common species of flora include Lagerstromia lanceolata, Adina cordifolia and Careya arborea. Mammals include tiger, leopard, elephant, gaur, slender loris and pangolin. Among the bird species found here are Ruby-throated Bulbul, Shama, Malabar whistling thrush and Paradise Flycatcher.
  • [7] of birds have been observed here over the years.
  • [7] of birds have been observed here over the years. This sanctuary is also famous for mahseer fish (Tor sp.).
  • Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary: This is located in Uttara Kannada district and is spread over 475.02 square kilometres (183.41 sq mi). Common tree species found here are Dalbergia latifolia, Terminalia paniculata, T. Tomentosa and Vitex altissima. Mammal species include Elephant, gaur, wild boar, slender loris, Malabar giant squirrel and barking deer.
  • Ghataprabha Wildlife Sanctuary: This is located in Belgaum district and is spread over 20.78 square kilometres (8.02 sq mi). This sanctuary is known for migratory birds like Demoiselle crane and European white stork.
  • Melukote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary:[12] This is located in Mandya district and is spread over 45.82 square kilometres (17.69 sq mi). An endangered species of flora, Cycas circinalis is found here. Mammal species include wolf, leopard, blackbuck and pangolin. Also around 230 species[13] of birds have been observed here over the years.
  • Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary: This is located in Udupi district and is spread over 247 square kilometres (95 sq mi). Some of the tree species found here are Dipterocarpus indicus, Calophyllum tomentosum and Hopea parviflora. An endangered species of climber Coscinium fenestratum has been recorded here. Slender loris, lion-tailed macaque, sambar and chital are some of the animals found here. The endangered cane turtle is also found here.
  • Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary: This is located in Mysore district and is spread over 30.32 square kilometres (11.71 sq mi). Common species of flora include Emblica officinalis, Santalum album and Dendrocalamus strictus. Mammals include elephant, gaur, leopard, spotted deer and common palm civet.
  • [7] of birds have been observed here over the years. Bird species include Great pied hornbill, Malabar trogon and Nilgiri blackbird.
  • Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary: This is located in Haveri district and is spread over 119.00 square kilometres (45.95 sq mi). Eucalyptus is the dominant species of trees found here. Cassia fistula, Prosopsis julifora and Zizyphus mauritania are other tree species found here. This sanctuary was created mainly for the conservation of blackbucks. This sanctuary is also a habitat for the endangered Great Indian Bustard.
  • Sharavathi Valley Wildlife Sanctuary: This is located in Shimoga district and is spread over 431.23 square kilometres (166.50 sq mi). Dipterocarpus indicus, Caryota urens and Dillenia pentagyna are some of the species of flora found here. Tiger, Leopard, mouse deer, bonnet macaque and common langur are some of the animal species found here. Snakes are commonly found here. Paradise flycatcher, Racket-tailed Drongo and Blue-throated Barbet are some of the bird species found here.
  • Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary: This is located in Shimoga district and is spread over 395.60 square kilometres (152.74 sq mi). Cassia fistula, Kydia calycina and Wrightia tinctoria are some of the species of flora found here. Tiger, leopard, Bonnet macaque and Malabar giant squirrel are some of the animal species found here.
  • Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary: This is located in Udupi district and is spread over 88.40 square kilometres (34.13 sq mi). Machilus macrantha, Lophopetalum wightanium and Artocarpus hirsuta are some of the species of flora found here. Tiger, leopard, Lion-tailed macaque and spotted deer are some of the animal species found here.
  • [7] of birds have been observed here over the years. Fairy bluebird, Malabar Trogon and Broadbill Roller are some of the avian species found.

Bird sanctuaries

Pair of Painted storks (Mycteria leucocephala) in Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary
Pied Kingfisher, (Ceryle rudis), as seen in Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary
  • Attiveri Bird Sanctuary: This is located in Uttara Kannada district and is spread over 2.23 km². White ibis, little cormorant, pied kingfisher, common grey hornbill are some of the bird species found here.
  • Gudavi Bird Sanctuary: This is located in Shimoga district and is spread over 0.73 km². The tree species that dominate this sanctuary are Vitex leucoxylon and Phyllanthus polyphyllus. 191 species of birds are recorded here including White ibis, Pheasant-tailed jacana, Purple Moorhen and Little Grebe.
  • Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary:[14] This is located in Mandya district and is spread over 0.67 km². Among the tree species found here, is the unique Iphigenia mysorensis. Other tree species include Derris indica and Barringtonia racemosa. This sanctuary houses nearly 170 birds.[14] Birds like cormorants, darter, white ibis, great stone plover, cliff swallow, spoonbills, lesser whistling teal roost here all through the year.
  • Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary: is located near the little village Mandagadde which is 30 km from the Shimoga town and is based on a small island on the Tunga River. It is mainly visited by migratory birds like Median Egret (Egretta Intermedia), the Little Cormonant (Phalacrocoorax Niger), and the Darter or Snake Bird (Aninga nufa).[15]
  • Kaggaladu Heronry: This is located in Tumkur district and is one of the largest painted storks sanctuary in South India. Some of the birds that nest here are painted storks, Grey Herons, Pelicans, Black Stilts and ducks.
  • Kokkare Bellur Pelicanry:[16] This is located in the town of Kokkare Bellur in Mandya district and is a haven for avian species like Grey or Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) and Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala). In fact the word Kokkare means stork in the Kannada language. Apart from pelicans and storks, 250 species of birds have been sighted here.[17][18]
  • Magadi Bird Sanctuary : Magadi Bird Sanctuary created at The Magadi tank, in Magadi village of Shirahatti Taluk, Gadag District. It is one of the Biodiversity hotspots of Karnataka, in North Karnataka. From Gadag it is 26 km, it is located on Gadag-Bangalore Road, from Shirahatti it is 8 km, and from Lakshmeshwara 11 km. Bar-headed Goose is one of the bird migrates to Magadi wetlands of Gadag District. Normally birds eat fish, amphibians, molluscs, snakes etc., but Migratory birds eating agricultural produce is both interesting and curious too. winter habitat is on cultivation, it feeds on barley, rice and wheat and damage crops.

Dangers to flora and fauna

Due to various issues, flora and fauna in some parts of Karnataka are being threatened. These issues include poaching, human–wildlife conflict, habitat destruction, pollution and introduction of invasive new species.

Poaching

Despite the best efforts of conservation activists, poaching remains one of the serious problems affecting the flora and fauna in the state. Between the years 1997-2001, a total of 98 elephants have succumbed to poaching in Karnataka.[19] Poaching has also affected the breeding of turtles like Olive Ridley on the beaches of Karnataka as well as otters on the river banks. Tigers are also another species that are threatened to extinction by poachers.[20] Sandalwood, famed for its sculptures and its aroma is frequently poached out of the forests of Karnataka. Teakwood, famed for the furniture is another species of flora affected by this problem. Staff-shortage, lack of adequate funds and unscientific anti-poaching camps are some of the reasons quoted for continued poaching activities.[20] Travellers runs in these snake's forest they have to travel in glass covered buses so that traveler can escape from snake fall over these running buses, ďè

Habitat destruction

Some of the activities that are causing a destruction of habitat of flora and fauna in Karnataka are:

  • Construction of dams and reservoirs: Construction of dams causes widespread flooding of surrounding areas causing destruction of species that inhabit the area. They also affect the flow of riverine species like fishes and disrupt their normal habits. An example is the construction of the Linganamakki reservoir in Shimoga district that caused the extinction of the grass, Hubbardia heptaneuron.[19]
  • Destruction of forest land for agriculture and other purposes: Large tracts of forest land have been cleaned up for monoculture plantations like teak, coffee and rubber. This has led to the destruction of species that were dependent on the forest. An example of this is loss of special habitats in Karnataka such as Myristica swamps and high altitude grasslands. In the dry zone, they have adversely affected several species dependent on large tracts of scrub such as the wolf and the Great Indian Bustard.
  • Mining operations: Mining operations clear out large areas of land and cause destruction to the species dependent on them. An example is the Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited which mined iron ore within the boundaries of the protected Kudremukh National Park.[21]

Human–wildlife conflict

Due to the loss of habitat, more and more species of fauna have started to venture into human habitation causing a conflict between humans and fauna. A typical species affected by this is the elephant which ventures out of the forest into human cultivations thereby eating or destroying the crops. In some cases, the elephants have also caused human deaths like an incident that happened in Hassan district where a villager was trampled to death.[22] Precautionary measures (sometimes illegally) taken up by humans to prevent such mishaps like electric fencing have also led to disastrous consequences like electrocution of fauna.[23]

Pollution

Release of industrial waste and human effluents into rivers have caused significant damages to species that reside in rivers and riverbanks. Air pollution is also a significant cause of concern in metros like Bangalore where it has been found that air pollution is discolouring foliage including those of ornamental plants.[24] A comparison of the lichen flora of the garden Lal Bagh in Bangalore has revealed that 18 of the 22 species noted in 1980 were no longer present in 1997.[19] Pollution in rivers like Kabini, Kaveri and Ghataprabha has caused sharp reduction in populations of bird species, including beneficial insectivorous birds like drongos, as well as honeybees.[19]

Invasive new species

Introduction of new species into a habitat has caused serious consequences to the existing species of flora and fauna. A typical example is the introduction of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in the lakes and rivers of Karnataka. This is a carnivorous fish and has caused serious damage to the indigenous fauna living in those lakes and rivers.[19] Weeds like Eupatorium, Lantana and Parthenium have invaded large tracts of land causing destruction. An increase in Eupatorium is attributed as one of the causes for the spread of the deadly Kyasanur Forest disease (which has a morbidity rate of 10%) among humans since it harbors tick populations that are vectors for this disease.[19] Eucalyptus plantations in the Ranibennur Blackbuck sanctuary has seriously harmed the extremely rare Great Indian Bustard.[19]

Conservation efforts

Various conservation activities are in progress to protect the biodiversity present in Karnataka. These activities are mostly done by the Forest Department of the State of Karnataka and other voluntary organisations.

Relocation of human population

The presence of human habitation within the core area of reserved forests poses many problems like human–wildlife conflict and destruction of habitat due to agriculture and cattle grazing. Systematic efforts have been made to relocate some of this population into proper zones outside the protected area. An example is the relocation of some villagers from Bhagawathi and Nassehalla habitations within the Kudremukh National Park to safer regions outside it.[25]

Usage of technology

New scientific methods are being used to protect the flora and fauna. Some of these are:

  • Usage of satellites to detect forest fires so that they can easily be extinguished.[26]
  • Radio tracking of animals and usage of techniques like remote camera sampling to estimate the animal population.[27]
  • Installation of wireless stations and using wireless sets for easy communication among individuals involved in field trips and anti-poaching activities.[27]

Staff empowerment

It is highly important to keep up the morale of forest wardens and other staff members involved in anti-poaching activities and field trips. It is also necessary to keep them up-to-date on the technology and wildlife related laws. The following steps were implemented to address this issue:[27]

  • Field kits were provided to the staff consisting of boots, rain gear and uniforms.
  • Conservation related award programs were announced to boost the morale of the staff.
  • Training programs were undertaken for the staff in the use of firearms against poachers, field craft and Indian wildlife laws

Recently discovered species

Many areas of Karnataka, especially in the forests of Malnad region are unexplored and new species of flora and fauna are discovered periodically. Some of the new species of flora discovered in Karnataka include Paracautleya bhatii (a ginger) and Isachne veldkampii (a grass), both of which were discovered near Manipal in Udupi district.[28] Two species of algae, Cosmarium bourrellyi and Cosmarium desikacharyi were discovered in a paddy field in Belgaum.[29] Other new species of flora discovered in Karnataka include Isoetes udupiensis[28] (a flowering plant) and Pisolithus indicus (a fungus).[30]

Some of the new species of fauna discovered include two species of ants,

  • Floral resources of Karnataka: A geographic perspective.
  • Natural history of southern Karnataka: Ornithological perspective.

External links

  1. ^ a b Statistics related to forests in Karnataka is provided by "Statistics". Online Webpage of the Forest Department. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 2007-05-06. 
  2. ^  
  3. ^ "THE NILGIRI BIOSPHERE RESERVE". R.J. Ranjit Daniels - MS Swaminathan Research Foundation.  
  4. ^ Flora and Fauna as state symbols of Karnataka are mentioned by "State Animals, Birds, Trees and Flowers" (PDF). Online webpage of Wildlife Institute of India. Government of India. Archived from the original on 2007-06-15. Retrieved 2007-05-09. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k A Walk on the Wild Side, An Information Guide to National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka, Compiled and Edited by Dr. Nima Manjrekar, Karnataka Forest Department, Wildlife Wing, October 2000
  6. ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/mysorenature/birds-of-mysore-area
  7. ^ a b c d e http://www.mysorenature.org/kodagu-coorg-sector/bird-checklist
  8. ^ Adichunchanagiri Wildlife Sanctuary
  9. ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/bird-checklist
  10. ^ Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary
  11. ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/hunsur-sector/bird-checklist
  12. ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/melkote/melkote-temple-wildlife-sanctuary
  13. ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/melkote/bird-checklist
  14. ^ a b http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/ranganathittu-bird-sanctuary
  15. ^ A brief overview of Mandagadde bird sanctuary is provided by Pramod Mellegatti. "Will floods prevent seasonal migration of 'alien' birds?". Online Edition of the Hindu dated 2001-08-21. 2001, The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-05-08. 
  16. ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/kokkare-bellur
  17. ^ http://www.mysorenature.org/mandya-sector/kokkare-bellur/environ
  18. ^ A description of Kokkare Bellur has been provided by Sharath S. Srivatsa (2006-02-15). "Lending a helping hand". Online Edition of the Hindu dated 2006-02-15 (Chennai, India: 2006, The Hindu). Retrieved 2007-05-08. 
  19. ^ a b c d e f g A report on the environment of Karnataka and action plan thereof is discussed by Madhav Gadgil and others. "Karnataka State of Environment Report and Action Plan, Biodiversity Sector" (PDF). ENVIS Technical Report 16. Environmental Information System, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Retrieved 2007-05-08. 
  20. ^ a b Poaching of a tiger in Nagarhole National Park is mentioned by "Tigers falling victim to `poor' anti-poaching drive". Online edition of The Hindu, dated 2006-04-03 (Chennai, India: 2006, The Hindu). 2006-04-03. Retrieved 2007-05-08. 
  21. ^ a b A brief description of mining at  
  22. ^ Destruction caused by elephants in  
  23. ^ Electrocution of an elephant in  
  24. ^ Air pollution in Bangalore discolouring plants in mentioned by Roja Kandath (2001-02-14). "Pollution is robbing blooms of their colour". Online edition of  
  25. ^ Relocation of villagers from Kudremukh National Park has been mentioned by K. Ullas Karanth, Niren Jain and N. Samba Kumar. "Tiger Habitat Consolidation in Kudremukh" (PDF). A Final Report to 21st Century Tiger from the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS).  
  26. ^ Using satellites for detecting forest fires in Karnataka is mentioned by "Eye-in-the-sky tech to combat forest fires". Online Edition of the Deccan Herald, dated 2005-04-09. 2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. Retrieved 2007-05-08. 
  27. ^ a b c Some conservation methods being used in Karnataka to protect flora and fauna are mentioned by Shekar Dattatri. "Tigers in India A chance for survival". Online Webpage of Wildlife First. Wildlife First. Retrieved 2007-05-08. 
  28. ^ a b Discovery of Isoetes udupiensis has been mentioned by "New plant species found". Online Edition of the Hindu, dated 2005-05-11 (Chennai, India: 2005, The Hindu). 2005-05-11. Retrieved 2007-05-06. 
  29. ^ Discovery of new algae species is mentioned by U D Bongale. "New taxa of Cosmarium Corda (Desmidiaceae) from Karnataka State, India". Online webpage of springerlink.com. Springer. Retrieved 2007-05-06. 
  30. ^ K. NATARAJAN, G. SENTHILARASU, V. KUMARESAN, TAIANA RIVIERE. "Diversity in ectomycorrhizal fungi of a dipterocarp forest in Western Ghats" (PDF). CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 88, NO. 12, 25 JUNE 2005. Current Science Online. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
  31. ^ Discovery of a new species of ant in the IISc campus, Bangalore is discussed by THRESIAMMA VARGHESE. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from India, with notes on its nesting behaviour Catalog of Fishes"Dilobocondyla"A new species of the ant genus (PDF). Oriental Insects, Vol. 40: 23-32, 2006. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
  32. ^ Discovery of a new species of ant in  
  33. ^ Raviprasad Kamila (2007-02-20). "Two new species of frogs found". Online Edition of the Hindu, dated 2007-02-20 (Chennai, India: 2007, The Hindu). Retrieved 2007-05-06. 
  34. ^ Discovery of Nyctibatrachus petraeus has been detailed by INDRANEIL DAS AND KRUSHNAMEGH KUNTE. "New Species of Nyctibatrachus (Anura: Ranidae) from Castle Rock, Karnataka State, Southwest India" (PDF). Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 465–470, 2005 (2005 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles). Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
  35. ^ Discovery of Batasio sharavatiensis has been mentioned by Anuradha Bhatt and K.C. Jayaram. "A new species of the genus BATASIO BLYTH (Siluriformes: Bagridae) from Sharavathi river, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka" (PDF). February 2004, Zoos' Print journal 19(2): 1339-1342 (Zoos' Print Journal). Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
  36. ^ Details regarding new fishes of genus Schistura found in Sharavathi river is provided by Sreekantha, K.V.Gururaja, K.Remadevi, T.J.Indra, T.V. Ramachandra. Mcclelland (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae) from Western Ghats, India"Schistura"Two new fish species of the genus (PDF). Zoos' Print Journal 21 (4): 2211-2216 (April 2006) (Zoo Outreach Organisation). Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
  37. ^ Details regarding Puntius coorgensis is provided by Jayaram (1982). "Catalog of Fishes". Pisces Reference. Fishbase. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
  38. ^ Discovery of a whitefly in areca plantations is discussed by B. VASANTHARAJ DAVID AND M. MANJUNATHA. "A new species of Aleurocanthus Quaintance & Baker (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) from Areca catechu in India, with comments on the status of Aleurodes nubilans Buckton" (PDF). Zootaxa 173: 1-4 (2003). 2003, Magnolia Press. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
  39. ^ Discovery of a caecilian has been discussed by GOPALAKRISHNA BHATTA & R. SRINIVASA. "A new species of Gegeneophis Peters (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae) from the surroundings of Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India" (PDF). Zootaxa 644: 1–8 (2004). 2004, Magnolia Press. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 
  40. ^ Discovery of new species of earthworms is mentioned by Julka et al. "New species of earthworms found in Western Ghats of Karnataka" (PDF). 2004, Magnolia Press. Retrieved 2007-05-07. 

Footnotes

Endangered species of fauna found in Karnataka include the Bengal tiger, Indian Elephant, Lion-tailed Macaque, Olive Ridley turtle and dhole, the Indian wild dog. Many endangered species of amphibians are found here including frogs, Indirana brachytarsus, Microhyla sholigari, Minervarya sahyadris, Nyctibatrachus aliciae, Nyctibatrachus hussaini, Nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris, Philautus charius, Philautus wynaadensis, Ramanella mormorata and Rhacophorus lateralis and a toad, Bufo beddomii. Other endangered species of fauna include Hipposideros hypophyllus (the Kolar leaf-nosed bat) and Pseudomulleria dalyi (a mollusc).

Some of the endangered species of flora include evergreen trees like Cynometra bourdillonii, Cynometra travancorica, Hopea glabra, Hopea parviflora, Hopea ponga, Hopea racophloea, Hopea wightiana, Shorea roxburghii and Tarenna agumbensis and flowering plants like Glochidion pauciflorum, Glochidion tomentosum, Ixora lawsoni and Syzygium stocksii. Other endangered trees found in Karnataka include Isonandra stocksii, Kingiodendron pinnatum, Maesa velutina, Myristica magnifica, Rapanea striata and Xylosma latifolium.

Karnataka is the home of few critically endangered species of flora that include evergreen trees like Dipterocarpus bourdilloni, Hopea erosa and Hopea jacobi, Croton lawianus (a small tree) and Pinnatella limbata (a type of moss). Some of the critically endangered species of fauna found in Karnataka include Gyps indicus (the Indian vulture) and two species of frogs, Indirana gundia (found only in Gundia range, Sakleshpur) and Micrixalus kottigeharensis (found only near Kottigehara, Chikkamagaluru district).

Shorea roxburghii, an endangered rainforest tree found in Karnataka

Endangered species

[40].earthworms reservoir has revealed eleven new species of Linganamakki Explorations in the soil around the [39].Gegeneophis madhavai, caecilian and a [38]Aleurocanthus arecae and [21]Distinctaleyrodes setosus, whiteflies river. Some other species of fauna discovered in Karnataka include two species of Kaveri in the Bhagamandala has been discovered near [37]

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