...1. MINE WARFARE..................3 Theory and History Mines and How They Worked 2. WORLD WAR II AERIAL MINELAYING IN EUROPE............7 First Use by Germany The Royal Air Force Fights Back 3. MINELAY’ING IN JAPAN’S "OUTER ZONE...

...fairs going, and British blood rises: we are not the people you see on the surface. Wilmore’s father was a parson, for instance. What did he do? He co... ... name—Nevil Beauchamp. If there was any warm feeling below the un- ruffled surface of the girl’s deliberate eyes while gazing on him, it was that he w... ...ced to this man thrice her age!’ ‘She differs from other girls only on the surface, Nevil. As for the man, I wish she were going to marry a younger. I... ...ice. There is a pause between the descent of a diver and his return to the surface, when those who would not have him forgotten by the better world ab... ...his blood, though latterly the very forces propelling him to his political warfare had forbidden the use of it to him. He saw the patient veteran layi... ...the operation of inexorable laws, the longer he leaned across an extending surface the more was he dependent; so that when the measure of the water ex... ...dventurous and restless: one that wrecked brilliant gifts in a too general warfare; a lover of hazards, a hater of laws. Her eyes flew over Captain Ba...

...it was to fancy they had been walking under water and had now risen to the surface. Carinthia’s mind stepped out of the chamber of death. The differen... ...but never could put it in words. You have thought deeply.’ ‘That is only a surface thought, or common reflection,’ said Woodseer. Sir Meeson stared at... ... bind to the ceremonial opening steps, according to the rules of civilized warfare. They had a short colloquy with newspaper reporters;—an absolutely ... ...entered the situation and was possessed by the shiver- ing delicacy of it. Surface emotions were not seen on her. She might be a creature with a soul.... ..., were untroubled questions with a young man studying abstract and adoring surface nature too exclusively to be aware of the manifesta- tion of her sp... ...sslemont XXXV . In Which Certain Changes May Be Discerned XXXVI. Below the Surface and Above XXXVII. Between Carinthia and Her Lord XXXVIII. A Dip int...

...rol of Strategic Airspace, 1939–1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 John McCarthy World War II: Air Support for Surface Forces 85 Vincent Orange World War II: The Bombing of Germany . . 107 Richard J. Overy Definite Limitations: The Air War in Korea 1950–1953 . . . . . . . 143 Jeffrey Grey The Air War in Vietnam: Reevaluating Fa...

...TENTIONALLY BLANK ORIGINAL SEeltET OPSEC (U) Since earliest times, one of the baic principia of warfare has been surprise. In fact, some early Chines... ...teaic aDd tactical militarY operations but to the fields of diplomacy, tecbnolol)', aDd economic warfare as well. In fact, it extends to almost any ad... ...arY operations. In fact, I bave seen drafts of an Army update of their doctrine on Principles of Warfare in wbich OPSEC is formally recoprlzed as a su... ...it to get the vital where and when data they needed to pre-position their anti­ aircraft assets (surface to air missiles, anti-aircraft batteries, and... ...ost cenainly not arise in tbat time frame, and we focussed increasiD.ly on detente and economic: warfare. ~These views, in turn, sUUCSted that threats... ...crestiDl questions on roles and missions for us - anti-jam being traditionally an EW (electroaic warfare) matter, DOt COMSEC, so why were we "inuudina...

...the sound of a Zeppelin one night in Essex for all my experience of actual warfare. But my bedroom at the British mission in Udine roused perhaps extr... ...zo along the Alpine boundary round to the Swiss boundary there is mountain warfare like nothing else in the world; it is warfare that pushes the bound... ...rld; it is warfare that pushes the bound- ary backward, but it is mountain warfare that will not, for so long a period that the war will be over first... ...HE MOUNTAIN AIN AIN AIN AIN W W W W WAR AR AR AR AR 1 1 1 1 1 THE MOUNTAIN WARFARE of Italy is extraordinarily unlike that upon any other front. From ... ... retreat of guns and material from a great se- ries of positions. Mountain surfaces are extraordinarily vari- ous and subtle. You may understand Picar... ...ly vari- ous and subtle. You may understand Picardy on a map, but mountain warfare is three-dimensional. A struggle may go on for weeks or months cons...

...It was a period altogether unique in the world’s history. The apparatus of warfare, the, art and method of fighting, changed absolutely every dozen ye... ...d and rain, guns roared, shells crashed home, and, after the old manner of warfare, men toiled and died. 4 4 4 4 4 As the afternoon wore on the lower ... ...hat makes the complete separa- tion that had arisen between the methods of warfare and the necessity of democratic support, is the effectual secrecy o... ...ular points. They realised that the chief danger 121 H G Wells in aerial warfare from an excitable and intelligent public would be a clamour for loc... ... mutual inspection. For a time naive hu- manity swamped the conventions of warfare altogether; the interest of the millions below and of the thousands... ...ockade and watch a coastline is one thing, to blockade and watch the whole surface of a country is another, and cruisers and priva- teers are things t...

...ittered in the sunlight and even from her vantage point, Aislinn realized the surface was smooth, not yet dented and marred from battle. They must h... ...he forced the emotion away and tried to stand up. Her face broke through the surface of the water, and she sucked in a deep breath. She was in the ... ...ire northern hemisphere. Our forefathers wanted to ensure that their magical warfare wouldn’t touch our land. Some of the older nobles that still ...

...ome army connections..." Michael Brand just stared off into space. "On the surface it appears obvious why you tried to commit suicide. I almost tr... ...t of business. And you ask us to help him do it. Esta stupido, no?" "On the surface, yes," Brand conceded, his voice more even now. "But two thing... ...st time in a while. What had been nagging at Radcliff, suddenly came to the surface. "I've known President Nolan for more than twenty years, and i... ... enough, I hope," he added. "The government will assume it's territorial gang warfare. They can't afford any bad news leaking into the worldwide pre... ...hances. He had a team of men searching D.C. for him. Sooner or later he would surface. Gonzales put his thoughts aside, as he saw the motorcade win... ...Soule’ knew Hakeem was right, but had not allowed his feelings to come to the surface. He started collapsing inside. "I respect you like none other. ...

...radu ally become blunted to these dissemblances, or, if he probes below the surface, he will find them sprung from the same stem as many different see... ...e successful. Indeed, once the observer has gone beyond the happy stage when surface differences have all their edge, his only chance of getting anywh... ...vitable material weakness and disorganisation. Even four years of victorious warfare would dislocate the machinery of any great nation’s life; and fou... ...ur countries together while a terrible emergency has broken down most of the surface barriers between us. No doubt many American soldiers now in Franc... ..., whereas the differences between ourselves and the French are mostly on the surface, and our feeling about the most important things is always the sa... ... all of the important things. FRENCH WAYS AND THEIR MEANING 9 Unfortunately surface differences—as the word implies—are the ones that strike the eye ... ...e only justification of reverence It is not chiefly because the new methods of warfare lay America open to the same menace as continental Europe that it... ... length the colonists emerged again from the backwoods and the bloody Indian warfare. The stern ex perience of the pioneer, the necessity of rapid ad...

...our world; and long be- fore this earth ceased to be molten, life upon its surface must have begun its course. The fact that it is scarcely one sevent... ...ated than ours, its oceans have shrunk until they cover but a third of its surface, and as its slow seasons change huge snowcaps gather and melt about... ...life, but crowded only with what they regard as inferior animals. To carry warfare sunward is, indeed, their only es- cape from the destruction that, ... ...ring noise within its cylinder he ascribed to the un- equal cooling of its surface; for at that time it had not oc- curred to him that it might be hol... ...earth. In particular I laid stress on the gravitational difficulty. On the surface of the earth the force of gravity is three times what it is on the ... ...e there, white and fresh amid the wreckage. Never before in the history of warfare had destruction been so in- discriminate and so universal. And shin... ...carcely a couple of hun- dred yards away, I flung myself forward under the surface. The splashes of the people in the boats leaping into the river sou...

... luckiest shots was a description (in “An- ticipations” in 1900) of trench warfare, and of a deadlock almost exactly upon the lines of the situation a... ...on- centrated upon that; the types of ability that are not appli- cable to warfare are neglected; there is a vast destruction of capital and a waste o... ... would have held them indefinitely. But the Allies had never worked trench warfare; they were unready for it, Germans knew of their unreadiness, and t... ...ion people in the British Isles, men and women, either engaged directly in warfare or in the manufacture of munitions or in employments such as transi... ...regions with no national sense. There are extensive regions of the earth’s surface where the population is not homogeneous, where people of different ... ...many sees fit to identify herself with Hohenzollern dreams of empire and a warfare of massa- cre and assassination, there must be war henceforth, open... ...he attractiveness of the idea of an Imperial legislature is chiefly on the surface, and I have very strong doubts of its realisability. These Dominion...

...e pursuers, who at last thought it most expedient to desist from offen sive warfare, and to retreat into the abbey, where, in the king’s name, they b... ...il than a lover. Are you a match for the devil, and no match for a man?” “My warfare,” said the friar, “is not of this world. I am militant not agains... ... here as well as chaplain; I pray for good success to our just and necessary warfare, and sing thanks giving odes when our foresters bring in booty: ... ... the light that streamed through the open door, and turning up its convulsed surface in flashes of shifting radiance from restless masses of half vis... ...ed to move my bile than in that of these gilders and lackerers of the smooth surface of worthlessness, that bring the gold of true valour into disrepu...

...the midst of these circumstances, and at a moment when this petty domestic warfare had become serious, the mon- arch, whose favor Monsieur de Fontaine... ...creet tongue. Her colorless face and ala- baster brow were like the limpid surface of a lake, which by turns is rippled by the impulse of a breeze and...

...scoveries of the ancients -- Islands of the long ago -- Changes in the earth's surface -- Commerce of Troy with India -- Expeditions sent out by Menel... ...d when a ship approached his watery kingdom a giant black hand appeared on the surface of the sea and grasped the vessel, drawing it with all its crew... ...ar islands, the rims of volcanoes, which the coral insects had built up as the surface of the earth slowly sank, and thus had reared a mighty structur... ...the Spanish settlements in the neighboring islands, and carried on with them a warfare that was as unceasing as it was savage. THE COLONISTS TURN PIRA... ...be respected. While this was strictly in accordance with the laws of civilized warfare, it was so signally in contradiction with all Buccaneer usage a... ...leets of all the covenanting nations should unite in suppressing the irregular warfare which for two hundred years had disgraced the equatorial part o... ... and thirteen feet high, and on the top of each was a semi-globe with the flat surface upwards. The whole of the pillars and semi-globe is solid, bein... ... the consistency of thick oil. "When we touched iron or any other smooth solid surface our fingers were frozen to it; if in drinking a dram of brandy ...

...strong nation -- The earliest navigators -- Evolution of the ship -- Discoveries of the ancients -- Islands of the long ago -- Changes in the earth's surface -- Commerce of Troy with India -- Expeditions sent out by Menelaus and Neco -- The circumnavigation of Africa by the ancients -- Solomon's navy -- Discovery of the West Indies by Carthaginians -- Hamilcar's voyage to ...

...nd by the Russians in 1812. People have called this kind of war “guerrilla warfare” and assume that by so calling it they have explained its meaning. ... ...SAN WA R began with the entry of the French into Smolensk. Before partisan warfare had been officially recognized by the government, thousands of enem... ...gs the credit for taking the first step toward regularizing this method of warfare. On August 24 Davydov’s first partisan detachment was formed and th... ...the wife of a village elder, who slew hundreds of the French. The partisan warfare flamed up most fiercely in the latter days of October. Its first pe... ...unt and always expecting to be pursued. By the end of October this kind of warfare had taken definite shape: it had become clear to all what could be ... ...his globe was alive—a vibrating ball without fixed di- mensions. Its whole surface consisted of drops closely pressed together, and all these drops mo... ...ct Him to the greatest extent. And it grows, merges, dis- appears from the surface, sinks to the depths, and again emerges. There now, Karataev has sp...

...ch being a certain precursor of disaster, the snowshoe must be lifted till the surface is cleared; then forward, down, and the other foot is raised pe... ...ned with flint like quarters of frozen moose, clung tenaciously to the unpacked surface and held back with a stubbornness almost human. Darkness was co... ...to the fore, his great webbed shoes sinking a fair half yard into the feathery surface and packing the snow so the dogs should not wal low. His wife ... ...its stratum of scab upon the half healed scar that went before. This dry, hard surface was of a bloody black color, serrated by grievous cracks wherei... ...answered. “I gave him my word that he could speak with us unmolested. Rules of warfare, Bill; rules of warfare. He’s been on the square, given us warn... ...rom their feet, buried beneath the human tide. Hay Stockard alone regained the surface, flinging the tribes men aside like yelping curs. He had manage...

...a was a brave man, as respected all bodily enemies or the dangers of human warfare, but was as sensitive and timid as the most superstitious of old wo... ...ble, with an enemy so little disposed to observe the us- ages of civilized warfare. The period of his anxiety was not long: on the fifth day of the si... ...d, the hos- tility of both sides had assumed the appearance much more of a warfare amongst wild beasts than amongst creatures ac- knowledging the rest... ... up to the middle in water, and oftentimes both sinking together below the surface, from weakness, or from struggles, and perishing in each other’s ar... ...aneous Papers it suggests to a very common error. In some period of Syrian warfare, a large military detach- ment was entering at some point of Syria ... ...ead as Gillman’s Coleridge.’ The reader of experience, on sliding over the surface of this opening paragraph, begins to think there’s mischief sing- i... ...n; nothing searched or probed by human sensibilities, to a depth below the surface. If cold could give out mysteries of suffer- *‘Harry Gill:’—Many re... ...ing, which prompts such random desires. Feeling is diffused over the whole surface of the body; but light is focalized in the eye; 309 Thomas de Quin... ...y six, i. e. thirty- six square feet, on the flat tablet of its horizontal surface; and in height several riyanas, (which arc Ceylonese cubits of eigh...

... as hard pressed as myself. I protest that there is no spot on the earth’s surface so dear to me as my own drawing-room, or rather my wife’s drawing- ... ...ortion of the bill. Surely it is absurd on our part to quarrel with Caffre warfare, with New Zealand fighting, and the rest of it. Such complaints rem... ...of the vast continent of Australia, lying on the other side of the globe’s surface; that she is to be the mistress of all South Africa, as civilizatio... ...ercising a severity beyond that ever threat- ened, as I believe, in modern warfare. He defines the re- gion presumed to be held by his army of occupat... ... eral Price would not be so swept, and it began to appear that a guerrilla warfare would prevail; that General Price, if driven southward, would reapp... ...e great sand mountains and sand valleys, 136 North America V ol. 1 on the surface of which were scattered the debris of dead trees, scattered logs wh... ... charms, but it does so by concealing rather than displaying an expanse of surface. The beauty of distance arises from the romance, the feeling of mys... ...t 14,000 inhabitants, and, like all other American towns, is spread over a surface of ground adapted to the accommodation of a very extended popu- lat... ...s can be made, or tents or standards, or things appertaining in any way to warfare, there trade was still brisk. No being is more costly in his requir...

...e laws of their motion are unknown to us) continued to operate. Though the surface of the sea of history seemed motionless, the movement of humanity w... ...of ideas, the printing press could have accomplished that much better than warfare. If the aim was the progress of civilization, it is easy to see tha... ... normal chan- nels. The waves of the great movement abate, and on the calm surface eddies are formed in which float the diplomatists, who imagine that...

...only attempt to portray human feelings as affected by the events that such warfare occasioned. ‘Old Mortality’ and ‘Woodstock’ are not controversial t... ...stacie to that of gentle Lucy had been to Berenger a change from perpetual warfareto perfect supremacy, and his preference to his little sister, as he... ...t of treachery and bloodshed. Among the many who played unconscious on the surface of that gulf of destruction, were the young creatures whose chief t... ...which, should he ever discover the original contract, will lead to endless warfare.’ ‘His marriage with Eustacie was annulled. Yet—yet there might be ... ...or any other jam he pleases, without more to vex thee.’ Lucy, now that the warfare was over, had begun to weep so profusely that so soon as her father... ...owl, with the tisane steaming in it, and the yellow petals strewn over the surface. She and Philip had taken a great fancy to each other, and while he...

...religion was raging; but it should be remembered that there are some which only attempt to portray human feelings as affected by the events that such warfare occasioned. ?Old Mortality? and ?Woodstock? are not controversial tales, and the ?Chaplet of Pearls? is so quite as little. It only aims at drawing certain scenes and certain characters as the convulsions of the sixte...

...o the south there are two flat stones, one on each side of the ascent, the surface of each of which is about twenty feet by eigh- teen. The columns ar... ...nt from manhood to habits lower than those of the beasts, are necessary in warfare. I have sometimes thought that it is so; but I am no military criti... ...ry great there was always heat enough in the middle of the day to turn the surface of the ground into gluti- nous mud; consequently we had all the rou... ... blocks, almost free from alloy; and as the metal stands up on the earth’s surface in the guise almost of a gigantic metal pillar, instead of lying lo... ...over two of them. They certainly seemed to be formidable weapons for river warfare, and to have been “got up quite irrespec- tive of expense.” So much... ...of horses; the transport of troops, or any of those incidental expenses of warfare which are always, I presume, heavier than the absolute cost of the ... ... when that code was drawn up. It has spread itself as it were over a wider surface, and has extended to matters which it was not necessary then to tou... ...on with them. A political party end is always in view, and political party warfare in America ad- mits of any weapons. No newspaper in America is real...

...e earth must in the last instance be a history of a really very relentless warfare. Neither his fellows, nor his gods, nor his passions will leave a m... ...rhaps because he knew no better—but he was very honest. If he saw only the surface of things it is for the reason that most things have nothing but a ... ...at matters in the changing aspects of na- ture and under the ever-shifting surface of life. To say that he could not embrace in his glance all its mag... ...icity of language. His impressionism of phrase went really deeper than the surface. In his writing he was very sure of his effects. I don’t think he w... ...re perpetrated in a lurid light. There is an endless variety of types, all surface, with hard edges, with memorable eccentricities of outline, with a ... ...w men whose premature death could influence human affairs more than on the surface. The deeper stream of causes depends not on indi- viduals who, like... ... us with so much fussy importance. Mines; Submarines. The last word in sea-warfare! Progress— impressively disclosed by this war. There have been othe...

...with all her love. Obey, must the woman, and find a depth for her sur- face. Surface, is woman’s soul, a mobile, stormy film on shallow water. 69 Fri... ...and when they swelled and o’erswelled with pity, there always floated to the surface a great folly. Eagerly and with shouts drove they their flock ove... ...sooth, for a dog of the depth, thou takest thy nourishment too much from the surface! At the most, I regard thee as the ventriloquist of the earth: an... ...rth, thou hast become too round for me! 242 Thus Spake Zarathustra On every surface have I already sat, like tired dust have I fallen asleep on mirro... ...tly, I do not treat my warriors indulgently: how then could ye be fit for my warfare? With you I should spoil all my victories. And many of you would ... ...d well-born for me. I require pure, smooth mirrors for my doctrines; on your surface even mine own likeness is distorted. On your shoulders presseth m... ...ot treat my warriors indulgently,” he says: “how then could ye be fit for my warfare?” He rebukes and spurns them, no word of love comes from his lips...

..., and the sun’s vast orb quivered like a huge hollow, crimson float on the surface of that milky sea of mist. The whole French army, and even Napoleon... ...had expe- rienced the feeling of one who confidently steps onto the smooth surface of a bog. When he put his foot down it sank in. To make quite sure ... ...d also listen to what Pfuel’s opponents and practical men of experience in warfare had to say, and then choose a middle course. They insisted on the r... ...ick the Great’s wars, and all he came across in the history of more recent warfare seemed to him absurd and barbarous—monstrous collisions in which so... ... he sympatheti- cally, and after a short pause added: “Y es, it’s Scythian warfare. It’s all vewy well—only not for those who get it in the neck. So y... ...n and I will bweak the line, that’s certain! There’s only one way—guewilla warfare!” Denisov rose and began gesticulating as he explained his plan to ... ...ly entreated someone. And suddenly thoughts and feelings again swam to the surface of his mind with peculiar clearness and force. “Y es—love,” he thou... ...ure, spiritual, inward travail through which she had lived appeared on the surface. All her inward labor, her dis- satisfaction with herself, her suff... ...his globe was alive—a vibrating ball with- out fixed dimensions. Its whole surface consisted of drops closely pressed together, and all these drops mo...

...e Commission also flagged, as a new danger, the pos- sibility of attack by surface-to-air missiles. Its 1997 final report did not discuss the possibil... ...were not acting on their own. Discussion of this memorandum brought to the surface an unease about paramilitary covert action that had become ingraine... ...xt group of al Qaeda operatives destined for the planes operation had just surfaced in Afghanistan. As Hazmi and Mihdhar were deploying from Asia to t... ...haldan camp in Afghanistan, where he learned the fundamentals of guerrilla warfare. He and his younger brother had been recruited by Abu Hoshar into a... ...the State Department concluded. 211 Arguments in the summer brought to the surface the more fundamental issue of whether the U.S. covert action progra... ...oofs of both the North Tower and the South Tower were sloped and cluttered surfaces with radiation hazards, making them impractical for hel- icopter l... ...n- structive efforts to direct assistance and coordinate action. Coalition warfare also requires coalition policies on what to do with enemy captives.... ...e of national intelligence systems (satellites in particular) in precision warfare. Since that war, the department has appropriately drawn these agenc... ... who considered it essential for waging terrorist operations and guerrilla warfare in the jihad against the Soviets. For more on the origins of the En...

... whole-length mirror that reflected his own person, better than the smooth surface of the lake that reflects the face of heaven; a piece of cut glass ... ...nkind! Who, with herself, or others, from her birth Finds all her life one warfare upon earth: Shines, in exposing knaves, and painting fools, 36 The... ... 240 Like buoys, that never sink into the flood, On Learning’s surface we but lie and nod. Thine is the genuine head of many a house, And ...