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Excerpt: A Theologico-Political Treatise: Part Four -- Chapters XVI to XX by Baruch Spinoza, translated by R.H.M. Elwes.

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...Political Treatise Part 4 – Chapters XVI to XX Baruch Spinoza A Theologico-Political Treatise Part 4 – Chapters XVI to XX TRANSLATED BY R. H. M. ELWES... ... ELWES A PENN S TAT E ELECTRONIC CLASSICS SERIES PUBLICATION A Theologico-Political Treatise: Part Four – Chapters XVI to XX by Baruch Spinoza, trans... ...nt or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way. A Theologico-Political Treatise: Part Four – Chapters XVI to XX by Baruch Spinoza, trans... ...ate University is an equal opportunity university. 3 Spinoza A Theologico-Political Treatise Part IV of IV – Chapters XVI to XX by Baruch Spinoza CHA... ...ur to preserve itself as it is, without regard to anything 4 A Theologico-Political Treatise – Part Four but itself ; therefore this sovereign law an... ... judgment, as from the deeds which they involve; for he who maintains such theories abrogates the contract which tacitly, or openly, he made with his ...

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...Contents ON CHRISTIANITY, AS AN ORGAN OF POLITICAL MOVEMENT..................................4 PROTESTANTISM............................................................................................................... 39 ON THE SUPPOSED SCRIPTURAL EXPRESSION FOR E...

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...IANITY Y Y Y Y, AS AN OR , AS AN OR , AS AN OR , AS AN OR , AS AN ORGAN OF POLITICAL MO GAN OF POLITICAL MO GAN OF POLITICAL MO GAN OF POLITICAL MO GA... ...ICAL MO GAN OF POLITICAL MO GAN OF POLITICAL MO GAN OF POLITICAL MO GAN OF POLITICAL MOVEMENT VEMENT VEMENT VEMENT VEMENT................................ ...S AN OR , AS AN OR , AS AN OR , AS AN ORGAN OF GAN OF GAN OF GAN OF GAN OF POLITICAL MO POLITICAL MO POLITICAL MO POLITICAL MO POLITICAL MOVEMENT VEME... ...than the growth of a forest, are the footsteps of Christianity amongst the political workings of man. Nothing, that the heart of man values, is so sec... ... some one or two of its differential elements, could have been an organ of political movement. Most divines who anywhere glance at this question, are ... ...e for what purpose was the religion? This I pronounce error. All the moral theories of antiquity were utterly disjoined from religion. But this fallac... ...losophy, all the primary facts of history become liable continually to new theories, to new combinations, and to new valuations of their moral relatio... ... the local circumstances in each separate case. Now, amongst the political theories of the Bible is this— that pauperism is not an accident in the con...

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...lf. Both deal with one and the same subject. This subject is what Aristotle calls in one place the ?philosophy of human affairs;? but more frequently Political or Social Science. In the two works taken together we have their author?s whole theory of human conduct or practical activity, that is, of all human activity which is not directed merely to knowledge or truth. The t...

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... calls in one place the “philosophy of human affairs;” but more frequently Political or Social Science. In the two works taken together we have their ... ... and the Politics with a second, both fall- ing within the wide compass of Political Science. Each of these groups falls into sub-groups which roughly... ...ther. The distinction is not that the one treats of Moral and the other of Political Philosophy, nor again that the one deals with the moral activity ... ... vidual, but has always thought of him, or we might say, in his social and political context, with a given nature due to race and heredity and in cert... ..., good. For this it is necessary to bring into play the great force of the Political Community or State, of which the main instrument is Law. Hence ar... ...d the matter sufficiently when the difficulties have been solved, and such theories as are most approved are left as a residuum. The chief points may ... ...culties raised are pretty near such as I have described them, and of these theories we must remove some and leave others as established; because the s... ...ake, and is careless of his own interest. [Sidenote: 1168b] But with these theories facts are at vari- ance, and not unnaturally: for it is commonly s... ...low, both having plausibility on their side. Per- haps then, in respect of theories of this kind, the proper course is to distinguish and define how f...

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...ndition is that which adults recognize as the most miserable and dangerous politically possible for themselves: namely, the condition of slavery. For ... ...not save children from the slavery that denial of rights involves in adult political relations. It some- times intensifies it, sometimes mitigates it;... ... children and parents confront one another as two classes in which all the political power is on one side; and the results are not at all unlike what ... ...e and the other simple. Not that Nature counts for nothing in the case and political rights for everything. But a denial of political rights, and the ... ...scertain what the real natural relations of the two classes are until this political relation is abolished. 8 A Treatise on Parents and Children What... ...t of the question, and its existence accepted as necessary and sacred, all theories to the contrary notwith- standing, whether by Calvin or Schopenhau...

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...................................................................... 60 THE POLITICAL AND BIOLOGICAL OBJECTIONS TO INEQUALITY ............................ ... and the specific doctrine of Jesus has not in all that time been put into political or general social practice. I am no more a Christian than Pilate ... ...ht be, by people with no knowledge of government and no power to construct political machin- ery to carry out their views, acting on the very dangerou... ...at Jesus died, as some are in the habit of declar- ing, for his social and political opinions. There have been many martyrs to those opinions; but he ... ...ention which cost them dear when the Christians got the upper hand of them politically. The Jew as Jesus, himself a Jew, knew him, never dreamt of suc... ...agmati- cally true: it worked. But the weakness of Pragmatism is that most theories will work if you put your back into making them work, provided the...

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...m the very earliest period when I had formed any opinions at all on social political matters, and which, instead of being weakened or modified, has be... ... its supporters) a thing de sirable chiefly in the abstract, or, like the political ends usually contended for by factions, of little private im por... ... for seeking his favour and avoiding to give him offence. In struggles for political emancipation, ev erybody knows how often its champions are bough... ...tain the same doctrine, with all the fanaticism with which men ding to the theories that justify their passions and legitimate their personal in tere... ...suggested to Plato, among many other of his doctrines, t of the social and political equal ity of the two sexes. But, it will be said, the rule of me... ...nised and managed by women, for the more limited object of ob taining the political franchise. Nor is it only in our own country and in America that ... ...Subjection of Women by John Stuart Mill 68 outward facts oppose to their theories, but lose sight of the legitimate purpose of speculation altogethe...

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...d; (2) Because the wisest and best Athenian citizens do not teach their sons political virtue. Will Protagoras answer these objections? Protagoras exp... ... and not between skilled and unskilled politicians. (1) For all men have the political virtues to a certain de gree, and are obliged to say that they... ...t a madman if he did not profess a virtue which he had not. (2) And that the political virtues can be taught and acquired, in the opinion of the Athen... ... given by Prometheus (who stole them), whereas justice and reverence and the political virtues could only be imparted by Zeus; (8) in the latter part ... ...bian. The whole may also be considered as a satire on those who spin pompous theories out of noth ing. As in the arguments of the Euthydemus and of t... ...goras is consistently presented to us throughout as the teacher of moral and political virtue; there is no allusion to the theories of sensation which... ...ut as the teacher of moral and political virtue; there is no allusion to the theories of sensation which are at tributed to him in the Theaetetus and...

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...e and preoccupied myself with religion, but it did not adjust itself to my theories and so I broke with it. Without it I was able to live quite conten... ... yet rising again and again with inextinguishable reiteration; appeals for political freedom, for constitutional government, for better sys tems and ... ...ya Polyana, gave additional strength to Tolstoy’s conviction that in these theories lay the elements essential to the trans formation and rejuvenatio... ... But to in oculate the landed proprietors of Russia as a class with those theories was a task which even his genius could not hope to accomplish. He ... ... be constantly borne in mind. He attained a splendid fulfilment of his own theories, em ploying the moujik’s expressive vernacular in portraying his ... ...s transferred back to the common cell, his private cell being needed for a political prisoner who had been just sent to prison. V IN THE MEANTIME M ... ...ni versity. I don’t know whether it was a good thing or no, but we had no political clubs, no theories in our uni versities then. We were simply you... ...Times, to which his host subscribed. While he was scanning at his ease the political news, the Tsar’s doings, the doings of President, and ministers a... ...s of lawyers has passed a resolution in favor of capital punishment. Their political enemy, N. P., reads a liberal paper, and cannot understand the bl...

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..., who had inherited the problem? I had long ago thrown aside illusions and theories, and was will- ing to meet the facts face to face, and to do whate... ...ashington’s work. The literature of the Negro in America is colossal, from political oratory through abolitionism to “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” and “Cotton i... ...Their objects, in the main, were to crush out the 55 Booker T. Washington political aspirations of the Negroes, but they did not con- fine themselves... ...Negro would be the one to suffer for this in the end. Besides, the general political agitation drew the attention of our people away from the more fun... ...s- tries at their doors and in securing property. The temptations to enter political life were so alluring that I came very near yielding to them at o... ...hern whites have a feeling that, if the Negro is permitted to exercise his political rights now to any degree, the mistakes of the Reconstruction peri...

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...ful when he was read- ing or was himself seeking arguments to refute other theories, especially those of the materialists; but as soon as he began to ... ...nature and the meaning of the life of man?” he thought. “And don’t all the theories of philosophy do the same, trying by the path of thought, which is... ...pon to do this, and is driven inevitably into war. On the other hand, both political science and common sense teach us that in matters of state, and e... ...e, his mind re- verted at once to the thoughts of the morning. And all the theories of the significance of the Slav element in the history of the worl...

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...cuniary interest in cutting off your leg, is enough to make one despair of political humanity. But that is pre- cisely what we have done. And the more... ...majority is the only sanction known to ethics. No doubt this holds good in political practice. If mankind knew the facts, and agreed with the doctors,... ...ist who regards the conquest of England by a foreign power as the worst of political misfortunes be- lieves that the conquest of a foreign power by En... ..., discipline, and even, when the cruel sacrifices are human sacrifices, of political economy, it is idle for the vivi- sector to pretend that he is in... ...he orthodoxies, since it forbids you even to learn. 75 GB Shaw THE LATEST THEORIES MEDICAL THEORIES are so much a matter of fashion, and the most fer...

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...we can only realize by an effort, imperceptibly blend with the more familiar theories of modern philosophers. An eye for proportion is needed (his own... ... con- sistently maintains that might is right. His great motive of action is political ambition; in this he is characteristically Greek. Like Anytus i... ...and then the wiser, and now something else; what do you mean? I mean men of political ability, who ought to govern and to have more than the governed... ...ions of human life. The greatest statesmen have fallen very far short of the political ideal, and are therefore justly involved in the gen- eral conde... ...dislikes; he does not conceal personal enmity under the disguise of moral or political principle: such meannesses, into which men too often fall unint... ...cknowledges that he cannot take the world by force two or three moves on the political chess board are all that he can fore see two or three weeks mov...

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...lty in winning over the Russian counsels to a concurrence with some of his political views, and thus covertly introducing the point of that wedge whic... ...net of Rus- sia, Zebek-Dorchi proceeded in his new character to fulfil his political mission with the Khan of the Kalmucks. So art- fully did he prepa... ...suggested the alteration to the Em- press, and he chiefly appropriated the political advantages which it was fitted to yield. For, as he was himself a... ...s title. His mixed character of ambas- 157 Thomas de Quincey sador and of political surveillant, combined with the depen- dent state of the Kalmucks,... ...olga, a Russian gentleman of some rank at the court of the Khan, whom, for political reasons, it was thought necessary to carry along with them as a c... ...an; or to things promising for knowledge; or to things which, like dubious theories or imperfect attempts at systematizing, though neu- tral as regard... ...ories, applied to processes current and in movement, or under the shape of theories applied to processes past and accomplished. The Mosaic cosmogony, ... ... (concerning which the most eminent of theologians have held very opposite theories,) one thing is certain, that, so long as we entertain such pretens...

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...ch his doctrine stood to the Eleatic Being or the Megarian good, or to the theories of Aristippus or Antisthenes respecting pleasure. Nor are we able ... ...the heart and brain of each indi- vidual. But neither must we confound the theories or as- pects of morality with the origin of our moral ideas. These... ...nkers and suc- cessive generations of men. If we ask: Which of these many theories is the true one? we may answer: All of 38 Philebus them—moral se... ...ctically certain. 43 Plato The rule of human life is not dependent on the theories of philosophers: we know what our duties are for the most part bef... ... supplies only a partial account of human ac- tions: it is one among many theories of philosophers. It may be compared with other notions, such as th... ...s purchased at the expense of definiteness. Again, there are the legal and political principles of morals—freedom, equality, rights of persons; ‘Every... ...the eye of the law and of the legislator.’ There is also the other sort of political morality, which if not beginning with ‘Might is right,’ at any ra...

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...n the present occasion, I shall, without further discus sion of the other theories, attempt to contribute something towards the understanding and app... ...s civilization goes on, is felt to be more and more natural. Every step in political improvement renders it more so, by removing the sources of opposi... ...manner; that which the recognized authorities, patri archal, judicial, or political, would enforce. Recht, from which came right and righteous, is...

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...he appreciated it. He, who had in her opinion such a marked aptitude for a political career, in which he would have been certain to play a leading par... ...on of the subject of the picture having brought him to one of his favorite theories, Golenishtchev launched forth into a disquisition on it. “I can’t ... ...ne of 39 Tolstoy those free-thinkers you know, who are reared d’emblee in theories of atheism, scepticism, and materialism. In former days,” said Gol... ...t in our un- settled condition of the land, railways, called into being by political and not by economic needs, were prema- ture, and instead of promo... ...ervice, and from that time forward he had devoted him- self exclusively to political ambition. In the high school and the university, and afterwards i... ...rvor. He was a believer, who was inter- ested in religion primarily in its political aspect, and the new doctrine which ventured upon several new inte...

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... to investigate the deplorable condition of the native tribes from the—(1) political, (2) administrative, (3) economic, (4) ethnographical, (5) materi... ...lderly admirer of Liza Merkalova, was Alexey Alexandrovitch’s enemy in the political world. From all these considerations Anna had not meant to go, an... ...l and was expecting a command, which might have influence on the course of political events; while Vronsky, independent and brilliant and beloved by a... ... but to pray to God. Tried it: worse. That’s just how it is with us. I say political economy; you say—worse. I say socialism: worse. Edu- cation: wors... ...ed, found nothing bearing on the scheme he had undertaken. In the books on political economy— in Mill, for instance, whom he studied first with great ... ...ss, and whole periods ranged themselves in his mind in illustration of his theories. “I must write that down,” he thought. “That ought to form a brief...

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...ce on these foreign goods leads us to our slavish respect for numbers. The political par- ties meet in numerous conventions; the greater the con- cour... ...wheel of Chance, and shalt sit hereafter out of fear from her rotations. A political victory, a rise of rents, the recovery of your sick or the return... ...s” is a refutation to the despon- dency and cowardice of our religious and political theo- rists. A wild courage, a Stoicism not of the schools but of... ...mense fame. We need books of this tart cathartic virtue more than books of political science or of private economy. Life is a festival only to the wi... ...rs we shall have condensed into our encyclopaedia the net value of all the theories at which the world has yet ar- rived. But year after year our tabl... ... predominates will accept the first creed, the first philosophy, the first political party he meets,— most likely his father’s. He gets rest, commodit... ...moeopathy, of hydropathy, of mesmerism, of phrenology, and their wonderful theories of the Christian miracles! Others assailed particular voca- tions,... ...astronomy; the shock of the electric spark in the elbow, outvalues all the theories; the taste of the nitrous oxide, the firing of an artificial volca...

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...than his witness against them. Of that national de cline of genius, unity , political force, which has been sometimes described as the corruption of ... ...ceives to be even older than Xenophanes (compare Protag.). Still older were theories of two and three principles, hot and cold, moist and dry, which ... ...hesis first of all. (1) If we suppose the universal separation of kinds, all theories alike are swept away; the pa trons of a single principle of res... ...ike have the ground cut from under them; and all creators of the universe by theories of composition and 36 Sophist – Plato division, whether out of ... ...determination is ne gation. Plato takes or gives so much of either of these theories as was necessary or possible in the age in which he lived. In th...

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...ering wars, campaigns, and battles, now reflected the restless movement by political and diplomatic combinations, laws, and treaties. The historians c... ...after seriously and minutely examining various religious, philosophic, and political doctrines as causes of events, as soon as they have to describe a... ...imes—make war, commit murder, and so on? With the present complex forms of political and social life in Europe can any event that is not prescribed, d... ...ned? Is there any collective action which cannot find its justification in political unity, in patriotism, in the balance of power, or in civilization... ...uth admit- ted thousands of years ago by all the religious and philosophic theories—that from the point of view of reason man is subject to the law of... ...ntinues to be studied side by side with the laws of statistics, geography, political economy, comparative philology, and geology, which directly contr...