...or through liaison channels from the Central Intelligence Agency. Requesters in the Department of Defense may obtain copies from: Defense Intelligence... ...shington, D.C. 20340-3344 Tel: (202) 373-3869 or Autovon 243-3869 Requesters in the Department of State may obtain copies from: Department of State IN... ...27 Requesters outside the US Government may .... ' purchase this publication in photocopy or micro- form from: National Technical Information Service ... ...uding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Comparative areas are based on total area equivalents. Boundary disputes: Every international l... ...pital: Tirane Administrative divisions: 26 rrethet (districts) Legal system: based on constitution adopted in 1976; judicial review of legisla- tive a... ...rovinces); 160 dairat (administrative districts); 691 communes Legal system: based on French and Is- lamic law, with socialist principles; new constit... ...tors, estimated at $10 million annu- ally, provides for 10% of state budget; companies incorporated in Liechtenstein solely for tax purposes provide a... ...ncorporation rules have induced about 25,000 holding or so-called letter box companies, to establish nominal offices there; economy is tied closely to... ... 1986, $1.6 billion; 32% of central government budget 400km Pe.h. r Kashmir 'ISLAMABAD Arabi, SttHfioiulnupVIII Geography Total area: 803,940 km 2 ; l...

...There have been some significant changes in this edition. A new Geography section has replaced the former Land and Water sections. Entries in the new section include area (total and land), comparative area, land boundaries, coastline, maritime claims, boundary disp...

...d as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and it... ...sed, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY CENTRAL SECUR... ... Order (E.O.) 12958, as amended and is enclosed. We have determined that some of the information in the material requires protection. Some portions de... ...ography, service, and particular operational mission or specialty. Thus, the Army artillery unit based in the Pacific area would not be issued the sam... ... you realize there's a war on? We can't bring our cypto­ graphic operations to a screeching halt based. on a dubious and esoteric laboratory phenomeDO... ...mil81' rules in 1000e instances. The 200 feet figure, by the way, was quite arbitrary. It wu not based on aDy empirical evideDce that beyond such dist... ... 'SO's. That persisted until about 1910, when a dramatic change occurred. -tST"A handful of U.S. companies interested in computers, in communicatiOllS... ... in eIcctronica bcpn to perceive a market for electronic crypto-equipments. A few otber American companies bcJ8D buildin& crypto­ equipment in competi... ...in Africa, South America, and the Middle East and to a few major corporations - notably some oil companies seeking to protect vital industrial secrets...

...This publication consists of a series of lectures prepared and given to interns and other employees by Mr. David G. Boak in 1966. Mr. Boak is uniquely qualified to discuss the history of the US COM_SEC because he has participated significantly in most aspects of its modern development over the past twenty years....

...HE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin’s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988–1992... ...Declaring War on the United States (1992–1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda’s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996–1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES 71 3.1 From t... ...First World Trade Center Bombing 71 3.2 Adaptation—and Nonadaptation— ...in the Law Enforcement Community 73 3.3 . . . and in the Federal Aviation... ...eapons. Exercises were conducted to counter this threat, but they were not based on actual intelligence. In most instances, the main concern was the u... ...re in NORAD’s Northeast Air Defense Sector (also known as NEADS), which is based in Rome, New York. That morning NEADS could call on two alert sites, ... ...ent authorized fighter aircraft to engage the inbound plane. He told us he based this authorization on his earlier conversa- tion with the President.T... ...ss and terrorist enterprises. In time, the former would encompass numerous companies and a global network of bank accounts and nongovernmental institu... ...strains in the world economy, hurt Sudan’s cur- rency. Some of Bin Ladin’s companies ran short of funds. As Sudanese authorities became less obliging,... ...ttalions. Each battalion contained typically between three and four engine companies and two to four ladder companies. In total, the FDNY had 205 engi...

... a Homeland Defense 14 1.3 National Crisis Management 35 2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin?s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988?1992) 55 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992?1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda?s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996?1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERR...