... Ex-Centric Functions, by Florentin Smarandache & Mircea Eugen....................................58 CHEMISTRY...................................68 7. Potential Use of Lime as Nitric Acid Source for Alternative Electrolyte Fuel-Cell Method, by V. Christianto, F. Smarandache.......................69 8. Observation of Anomalous Potential Electric Energy in Distilled Water...

... Ex-Centric Functions, by Florentin Smarandache & Mircea Eugen....................................58 CHEMISTRY...................................68 7. Potential Use of Lime as Nitric Acid Source for Alternative Electrolyte Fuel-Cell Method, by V. Christianto, F. Smarandache.......................69 8. Observation of Anomalous Potential Electric Energy in Distilled Water...

... Preface 5 1. Preliminary notions 1.1 Binary Relation 7 1.2 Mappings 9 1.3 Semigroup and Smarandache Semigroups 10 ... ... Smarandache Hyper Subsemigroup 37 4.6 Smarandache Lagrange Semigroup 39 4.7 Smarandache p-Sylow Subgroup 41 4.8 Smarandache Cauchy Element i... ... Direct Product in Smarandache Semigroups 80 7. Open Problems 85 Index 89 ... ...e Combinatoria', Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Portugal, 9-11 July 1998. 2. R. Padilla, Smarandache Algebraic Structures, Smaran... ... Abaddaba, Oradea, 78-81, (2000). 7 CHAPTER ONE One of the essential and out... ...n explicit we illustrate them by the following examples: 12 Example 1.3.7: Let Z 8 = {0, 1, 2, ... , 7} be the semigroup under multiplicatio...

...skiy brings a neuroscientist’s perspective to the discussion of human mental history in On the Origin of the Human Mind.” —Scientific American Mind (July 2009) “I found the Mental Synthesis theory stimulating and provocative. The author puts forward an explanation for the evolution of the human mind based on predator detection that led to increased visual mental analys...

... synthesis 39 Chapter 5. Humans versus animals 80 Chapter 6: Overall Discussion of Part 1 108 Part 2. Evolution of the Human Mind 135 Chapter 7. Introduction: a quick guide to paleoanthropology 136 Chapter 8. Cognitive evolution through the prism of paleontological evidence 160 Chapter 9. Evolutionary pressure drives better predator detection 191 Chapter 10. Ove...

...164 Mongolia 165 Montserrat 167 Morocco 168 Mozambique 169 Page N Namibia 1 7 1 Nauru 172 Nepal 17:5 Netherlands 1 71 Netherlands Antilles 176 New Ca... ...ition, with the following exceptions: population figures are projected for 1 July 1987, with the average annual population growth rates estimated for ... ...ect access to China and separates Pakistan from USSR Population: 14,183,671 (July 1987), aver- age annual growth rate 1.44%; these esti- mates include... ...ture and animal husbandry, 10.2% industry, 6.3% construction, 5.0% commerce, 7.7% services and other; cur- rent figures unavailable because of fightin... ...f Otranto linking Adriatic Sea to Mediter- ranean Sea Population: 3,085,985 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.03% Nationality: noun Albanian(s... ...61; officially withdrew from Warsaw Pact 13 Septem- ber 1968 Economy GNP: $2.7-2.9 billion (1986); about $930 per capita (1986) Natural resources: oil... ...otes: second largest country in Africa (after Sudan) Population: 23,460,614 (July 1987), aver- age annual growth rate 3.10% Nationality: noun Algerian... ...lity rate: 106/1,000 (1984) Life expectancy: 60 Literacy: 52% Labor force: 3.7 million (1984); 40% industry and commerce, 30% agriculture, 17% governm... ...orestation, overgrazing Special notes: landlocked People Population: 47,973 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 3.19% Nationality: noun Andorran(s...

... Preliminary notions 1.1 Semigroups, groups and Smarandache semigroups 7 1.2 Lattices 11 1.3 Rings and fields 19 1.4 Vector spaces 22 1.5 ... ...marandache linear transformation 106 6.4 S-anti semivector spaces 109 7. Research Problems 111 Index 113 ... ...mbinatoria', Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Portugal, 9-11 July 1998. 2. R. Padilla, Smarandache Algebraic Structures, Smarandach... ... B. Smarandache Semirings and Semifields, Smarandache Notions Journal, Vol. 7, 1-2-3, 88-91, 2001. http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/SemiRings... ...1. http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/SemiRings.pdf 7 CHAPTER ONE PRELIMINARY NOTIONS This chapter gives some basi... ...multiplication with unit         = × 1 0 0 1 I 2 2 . Example 1.1.7: Let Z be the semigroup under multiplication pZ = {0, ± p, ± 2p, …} is ...

...-Function 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 200 400 600 800 1000 n Zt(n) 7 A table of the Zt(n) values for 60 n 1 £ £ follows: n Zt(n) n Zt(n)... ... 42 11 3 4 23 12 43 23 4 3 24 15 44 31 5 5 25 22 45 24 6 4 26 46 46 12 7 9 27 29 47 55 8 10 28 9 48 17 9 7 29 13 49 40 10 5 30 19 50 22 11 8 ... ...54 29 15 19 35 21 55 184 16 10 36 15 56 75 17 18 37 88 57 84 18 7 38 60 58 13 19 60 39 142 59 92 20 16 40 16 60 19 Let’s start now to exp... ...nd then the theorem is a consequence of inequality 2 n n £ . Theorem 1.1.7 n k n Zt k ‡ = ) ( 1 ) ( j Proof. The result is a direct consequenc... ...)<n Proof. Examine for example the following values of Zt(n): Zt(3)=4, Zt(7)=9 and so on. Theorem 1.1.10 The range of Zt(n) function is N-{0} where ... ...ion, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1989 [7] Internet: sci.math, Boklan, July 21, 1994 [8] C. Dumitrescu and V. Seleacu, Some notions and questions ...

... CONCEPTS ON BIMATRICES 1.1 Definition and Basic Operation on Bimatrices 7 1.2 Neutrosophic Bimatrices 13 Chapter Two BIGRAPHS AND TH... .... W.B.VASANTHA KANDASAMY FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE K.ILANTHENRAL 7 Chapter One BASIC CONCEPTS ON BIMATRICES In t... ... ⎢⎥ ⎢⎥ − ⎣⎦ ⎣⎦ A N is a square semi neutrosophic bimatrix. Example 1.2.7: Let A N = 0 1111 1 0000 2 3 I ⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ∪ ⎢⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣⎦ ⎢ ⎥... ... A F = 1. 200 .3 1 .2 1 .3 1 .5 1 .9 .4 1 0 0 . 60. 2. 3. 4 .3 .3 .2 1 1. 5. 7. 6 ⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ∪ ⎢⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ A F is a mixed rec... ... ∪ A 2 = 25 54 12 AA × × ∪ . 19 Example 1.2.11: Let A F = .3 1 .3 .7 1. 2 11 .5 0 .4 1 .3 .6 .2 0 ⎡ ⎤⎡⎤ ⎢ ⎥⎢⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢⎥ ∪ ⎢ ⎥⎢⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢⎥ ⎣ ⎦⎣⎦ ... ...ional 257 Symposium on Intelligent Control held in Patras, Greece, 97-102, July 2000. 135. Stylios, C.D., and P.P. Groumpos. The Challenge of M... ...c. of the Twelfth IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, 16-18 July, Istanbul, Turkey, 55-60. 137. Subhaashree, S. Application of Fu...

...oject – Prefential e-CO from Malaysia to Japan ............................... 29 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................... ...tions on World Bank Trading Across Borders Data...................... 51 APPENDIX 7: Nature of Export and Import Procedures (Costs and Duration) in A... ...a trial basis between Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Brunei Darussalam. 7. Doing Business web site: www.doingbusiness.org (accessed July 27... ...Brunei Darussalam. 7. Doing Business web site: www.doingbusiness.org (accessed July 27, 2011). Facilitating Electronic Commerce in APEC: A Ca... ...and handling. 8. IMF Direction of Trade Statistics Database, accessed on 11 July 2011. This document provides the import, export and total t... ... for the TFAP II projects. The definition: Chapter 3: Approach and Methodology 7 includes time costs; excludes the costs that governments ... ...d in the Certificate of Origin issuance process in Korea were also interviewed on July 13, 2011: Korean Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI); ... ... service Yes Yes Yes Yes e-CO adoption time 2010/June 2010/June 2010/June 2010/July COs/year 90 270 2000s 300-400 COs/from Korea 90 270 200-30... ...Certificate of Origin issuance process in Chinese Taipei were also interviewed on July 7, 2011: Chinese Taipei Customs – Kaoshiung Office; and Tr...

...5 1. BASIC CONCEPTS 1.1 Basics of vector space and bilinear forms 7 1.2 Smarandache vector spaces 8 1.3 Basic definitions of other algebrai... ...algebras and their Smarandache analogue 123 7. SUGGESTED PROBLEMS 127 References 139 Index 145 5 ... ...omination which still continues and requires our intensive struggle. 7 Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS This chapter on basic concepts has thre... ...roper subset, which is a group under the operations of L. DEFINTION 1.3.7: Let R be a non empty set on which is defined two binary operations '+' ... ... These identities will be termed as Moufang identities. DEFINITION 2.1.7: A loop L is called a Bruck loop if (x (yx)) z = x (y (xz)) and (xy) -1 ... ...inatoria', Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Portugal, 9-11 July 1998. 7. CHANG QUAN, Zhang, Inner commutative rings, Sictiuan Dascue...

...g Credit Trading Across Borders Enforcing Contracts Overall Progress APEC 7.5 -0.8 5.6 1.8 0.0 2.8 East Asia & Pacific 4.7 -6.6 12.1 0.9 0.4... ...ribbean 0.9 1.6 -1.2 1.2 0.0 0.5 Middle East & North Africa 4.0 1.8 4.2 3.2 0.1 2.7 OECD 1.4 -0.7 1.1 1.5 0.0 0.7 South Asia 8.6 3.9 3.4 -4.5 0.0 2... ...1.1 1.5 0.0 0.7 South Asia 8.6 3.9 3.4 -4.5 0.0 2.3 Sub Saharan Africa 3.2 4.5 8.7 -0.2 -0.1 3.2 Source: World Bank - Doing Business Note: All com... ... the APEC region in all EoDB priority areas. For example, in 2010, it took around 7 procedures and 25 days to start a business in APEC; while it too... ...rable benchmarks for reform. 2 APEC Ministers Responsible for Trade agreed in July 2009 to focus on five priority areas of Doing Business, namel... ...o Ferrari during his meeting with businessmen of Sonora). Ministry of Economy. 20 July 2010. Doing Business 2011. Chile. Making a Difference for En... ...mber 2009. “DTI launches 15-minute business name registration”. Philstar.com. 07 July 2011. Chapter 2: Starting a Business 7 APEC has implement... ...champion economies in Starting a Business, organized field visits to Indonesia in July 2010, Peru in March 2011 and Thailand in June 2011 to conduct... ...n economy in this area, organized visits to Indonesia in January 2011 and Peru in July 2011 to analyze the particular problems facing these economie...

... Standard Address Number: 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America JULY 2005 VOLUME 2 CONTENTS S. J. Crothers On the Geometry of the General S... ...s non-commercial, academic edition. It is printed from private donations. July, 2005 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Volume 2 On the Geometry of the General Solu... ...ion for the Vacuum Field of the Point-Mass 3 Volume 2 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS July, 2005 (a) The variable r is a radius and/or coordinate of some kind in... ...e Geometry of the General Solution for the Vacuum Field of the Point-Mass July, 2005 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Volume 2 this elementary geometrical fact. C... ... | 2 − r−r 0 2 dθ 2 +sin 2 θdϕ 2 . (7c) The spatial part of (7) describes a sphere of radius D= = r−r 0 , centred at the arbitra... ...intr 0 and reaching to some pointr∈ . Indeed, the curvature radiusR c of (7) is, R c = q r−r 0 2 = r−r 0 , (8) and the circumference χ of... ..., χ=2π r−r 0 . (9) The proper radius (distance)R p fromr 0 tor on (7) is, R p = |r−r 0 | Z 0 d r−r 0 = r Z r 0 " r−r 0 r−r 0 #... ... r 0 " r−r 0 r−r 0 # dr= r−r 0 . (10) Thus R p ≡R c ≡D on (7), owing to its pseudo- Euclidean nature. It is evident by similar calcula... ...ion for the Vacuum Field of the Point-Mass 5 Volume 2 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS July, 2005 “Here we have an apparent singularity on the sphere r=2m, due to...

...except in connection with the name of the place in which they are located. 7. The names of political parties, religious denomina- tions or sects, a... ...of legislative, judiciary, and administra- Manual of Style: Ca@italization 7 tive bodies and governmental departments, and their branches, when sp... ...ial significance as designations for parties, classes, movements, etc. (see 7) : Protestant League, Holy Alliance, Dreibund; the Roses, the Roundhe... ...es; [the Golden Rule]. 18. Civic and ecclesiastical feast-days: Fourth of July (the Fourth), Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day; Easter, Passover, Feast ... ...h minor subdivisions of publications as- set. 4, scene I; chap. z (ii), p. 7 (vii), vs. 11, 1. s, n. 6. (On the abbreviation of these words see 100... ... works of art: Murillo's "The Holy Family." Manual of Style: Quotations 2 7 SET IN SMALLER TYPE- 75. Ordinarily, all prose extracts which will ma... ...d Center, Ill. JAMES P. ROBINSON Supcmcmn~t of Schools BIRD CENTER, ILL. July I, 1906 146. The comma is always placed inside the quotation marks... ...go Press 157. Use a dash for "to" connecting two words or num- bers : May-July, 1906 (en-dash); May I, 1905-November I, 1906 (em-dash); pp. 3-7 (e...

...e Chapter One: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS 1.1 Groups, Loops and S-loops 7 1.2 Semigroups and S-semigroups 11 1.3 Groupoids and S-groupoids 13 1... ...mirings and S-semivector spaces 35 1.6 Near-rings and S-near-rings 43 1.7 Vector spaces and S-vector spaces 62 Chapter Two: BIGROUPS AND SMARAND... ...MIRINGS, S-BISEMIRINGS, BISEMIVECTOR SPACES AND S-BISEMIVECTOR SPACES 7.1 Bisemirings and its properties 175 7.2 Non associative bisemirings an... ... properties 175 7.2 Non associative bisemirings and its properties 180 7.3 S-bisemirings and its properties 183 7.4 Bisemivector spaces and S-bi... ...and motivation to rally on and carry forward the collective struggles. 7 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS This chapter has seven sections.... ...inatoria', Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Portugal, 9-11 July 1998. 8. CHANG QUAN, Zhang, Inner commutative rings, Sictiuan Dascue ...

...D FUZZY RELATIONAL MAPS 1.1 Definition of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) 7 1.2 Fuzzy Cognitive Maps – Properties and Models 10 1.3 Some more illus... ...tional Maps (FRMs) 93 1.6 Models illustrating FRM and combined FRMs 96 1.7 Linked Fuzzy Relational Maps 118 Chapter Two ON NEUTROSOPHIC COGNIT... ... 2.5 Some more illustrations of NCMs 143 2.6 Applications of NCMs 150 2.7 Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps versus Fuzzy Cognitive Maps 157 2.8 Neutroso... ...existing literature. W.B. VASANTHA KANDASAMY FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE 7 Chapter One BASIC CONCEPTS ABOUT FUZZY COGNITIVE MAPS AND FUZZY REL... ...o be acyclic if it does not possess any directed cycle. DEFINITION 1.1.7: An FCM with cycles is said to have a feedback. DEFINITION 1.1.8: When... ...E International Symposium on Intelligent Control held in Patras, Greece, July 2000, 97-102. 100. Stylios, C.D., and P.P. Groumpos. The Challenge o... ...of the Twelfth IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, 16-18 July, Istanbul, Turkey, 55-60. 102. Subhaashree, S. Application of Fuzzy...

...APEC region over the period of TFAP II, which resulted in total savings of USD 58.7 billion. More specifically, the study found that between 2006 an... ...d of 2006. The study estimated the savings obtained by ABTC holders between March-July 2010 and March-July 2011 as a result of the ABTC scheme and f... ... in business travel transaction costs, which translates to total savings of USD 3.7 million; and o 43.3% reduction in time spent to complete visa ap... ...events over the TFAP II period had on the region. Real GDP in APEC grew by around 7.8% (annual rate of 1.9%) over the TFAP II period, from USD 23.4 t... ...erchandise exports from the APEC region rose from USD 5.4 trillion in 2006 to USD 7.2 trillion in 2010, growing at an annual rate of 7.4% over the TF... ...und that the transaction costs for ABTC holders were reduced by 38% between March-July 2010 and March-July 2011, representing a total savings of USD ... ...cross-border business travel in the APEC region. In just a one-year period (March-July 2010 through March-July 2011), transaction costs for ABTC hol... ...ta privacy enforcement. Endorsed by APEC Ministers in 2009, the CPEA commenced in July 2010 and currently has five participating economies 32 . The C... ...6. The assessment estimated that transaction costs for ABTC holders between March-July 2010 and March-July 2011 were reduced by 38% as a result of t...

...on Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Introduction—1 Part I The Rise and Stall of the G... ...2 1 Contents Introduction—1 Part I The Rise and Stall of the Generative Net—7 1 Battle of the Boxes—11 2 Battle of the Networks—19 3 Cybersecurity an... ...fect Enforcement—101 6 The Lessons of Wikipedia—127 Part III Solutions—149 7 Stopping the Future of the Internet: Stability on a Generative Net—153... ...living room.... [ T ]his is not some big secret. Sony says the same things.” 7 It is not easy to imagine the PC going extinct, and taking with it the ... ...- nection, and mainstream users are transitioning to always-on broadband. In July 2004 there were more U.S. consumers on broadband than on dial-up, 49... ...orm there were estimated to be 60,000 distinct computers on the Internet. In July 2006 the same metrics placed the count at over 439 million. 73 World... ...16, 1998, at D8. 9. Peter H. Lewis, A Boom for On-line Services, N.Y. T, July 12, 1994, at D1. 10. Harmon, supra note 8. 11. See, e.g., Wikipedia,... ...Wireless Mesh Networking for Developing Countries, C N D, July 13, Notes to Pages 23–26 255 2006, http://www.convergedigest.com/bp... ...d in ZDN., http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-512570.html (last visited July 12, 2007). 2. See Joyce K. Reynolds, RFC 1135: The Helminthiasis of ...

...WAK-23131 Size/Color: FP Trim 8.125” x 10.875” Bleed 8.625” x 11.375” Live 7.625” x 10.375”/ 4C Publication: Hawaii Business, November 2011 Starwood H... ...indd 1 9/23/11 9:04:08 AM 10-11 Starwood FP HB APEC.indd 1 9/23/11 7:56 PM 8 APEC 2011 · HAWAII BUSINESS 56 Winners of the Hawai‘i Busines... ...engines to generate utility-scale power for China’s national utility. In July, Sopogy reached an agreement with MAI Development Co., a large Thail... ...stallation of 284 charging stations at 150 sites across the Islands. In July, a charging station opened at the state Capitol building, where mot... ...i and SunPower Corp. (NASDAQ: SPWRA, SPWRB), the facility was ftted with 7,400 solar panels. It is being upgraded to use battery storage to contro... ...awaii’s number one choice in health plans. 1010-2262F APEC Ad.indd 1 9/7/2011 1:18:02 PM 28 APEC 2011 · HAWAII BUSINESS UNLIKE SOLAR AND WIND... ... thermal-energy conversion. This fve-story OTEC heat exchanger opened in July in Kona on Hawai‘i Island. continued from page 26 PHOTOS: COURTESY OF... ...elescope that is made available to astronomers from around the world. In July 2011, two Canadian astronomers and CFHT executive director Christian... ...e experiments in space. The collaboration reached unparalleled heights in July of this year when the crew aboard the fnal U.S. space-shuttle missio...

... SUBCOMMITTEE ON CYBERSECURITY, SCIENCE AND RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT January 7, 2005 SUBCOMMITTEE ON INFRASTRUCTURE AND BORDER SECURITY SUBCOMMITTEE ON... ..............................................................................7 1. The Reasonably Diligent Search Requirement.............................. ..........................................................................14 7. Application to Types of Uses .............................................. ...ts from the public, and held three days of roundtable discussions in late July in Washington, D.C. and Berkeley, California. The Office subsequentl... ...ments by professional organizations or academics fell into this category. 7 • Other legislative solutions. Examples of proposed solutions in this ... ... works. The Office hosted two days of roundtables in Washington, D.C. on July 26 and 27, 2005, and an additional day of roundtables in Berkeley, Ca... ... 20 70 Fed. Reg. 39,341 (July 7, 2005). 21 The Office would like to thank the University of Calif... ...ine, and preliminary figures estimated the cost to be about $35 million. July 26 Roundtable at 43-44 (statement of Marybeth Peters, Register of Cop... ... 75 AAP (605); MPAA (646). 76 July 26 Roundtable Tr. at 100-101 (Comment of Allan Adler, Association of A...

...and summary 82 Part 3 Heat transfer engineering 7 Example problems that illustrate heat transfer analysis using b... ... 87 8 The heat transfer coefficient form of the problems in Chapter 7 108 9A Why convective heat transfe... ...liminating M, solve Eq. (1-5) for x, given that M is the symbol for y/x, and y = 2.7. M = 2 + y + 5/x (1-5) Because the problem s... ...iminated, the problem cannot be solved in a direct manner by simply substituting 2.7 for y. The problem must be solved in an indirect manner such a... ...) to obtain an estimate of M. • Substitute the estimated M in the equation M = 2.7/x to obtain a second estimate of x. • Iterate until the solu... ...70 Kroon, R. P., 1971, Dimensions , Journal of Franklin Institute, 292, No. 1, July, pp 45-55 Langhaar, H., 1951, Dimensional Analysis and The...