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Adoni

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Title: Adoni  
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Subject: Shahi Jamia Masjid, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, Rayalaseema, Mantralayam
Collection: Cities and Towns in Kurnool District, Cities in Andhra Pradesh, Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh
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Adoni

Adoni
ఆదోని
City
Adoni Fort
Adoni Fort
Adoni is located in Andhra Pradesh
Adoni
Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
Coordinates:
Country India
State Andhra Pradesh
Region Rayalaseema
District Kurnool
Government
 • Type Municipal Council
 • MLA Y.Sai Prasad Reddy (Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party)[1]
Area[2]
 • City 32.71 km2 (12.63 sq mi)
Elevation 435 m (1,427 ft)
Population (2011)[3]
 • City 166,344
 • Rank 15th (in AP)
 • Density 5,100/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
 • Metro[4] 184,771
Languages
 • Official Telugu (official), Urdu (co-official)
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 518301
Telephone code +91–8512
Vehicle registration AP–21
Sex ratio 1008 ♂/♀
Lok Sabha constituency Kurnool
Assembly constituency Adoni
Website Adoni Municipality

Adoni is a city in Kurnool district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a municipality and the headquarters of Adoni mandal, administered under the Adoni Revenue Division.[5][6] As of 2011 census of India, Adoni had a population of 166,537, making it the 15th most populous city in the state. It had an urban agglomeration population of 184,771.[3][4]

Contents

  • History 1
  • Climate and geography 2
  • Demographics 3
  • Economy 4
  • Transport 5
    • Rail 5.1
    • Road 5.2
    • Air 5.3
  • Tourism 6
  • Education 7
  • See also 8
  • References 9
  • External links 10

History

The Adoni fort is central to the town's history. In 1780, an observer wrote,

"Adoni is situated upon three mountains which are united; it has a range of irregular fortifications, piled one over the other. To maintain it requires a garrison of 30,000 men. The fortifications upon the mountains are often weak...To the south of Adoni, a large plain, to the north there are mountains, obnoxious from their nearness, to the east there are other mountains. To the west there are also mountains and this part is the weakest."[7]

In the 15th century and early to mid 16th century, Adoni was a fort town of the Vijayanagara Empire. It was held by the kinsmen of Aliya Rama Raya, a powerful aristocrat of the Vijayanagara.[8]

From approximately 1558, at the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, control of Adoni came to Ali Adil Shah I (1558 - 1579), the fifth Sultan of the Bijapur Sultanate.[9] Hamilton, in 1820, stated,

"It [Adoni at this time] stood at the top of a high hill, and contained within its walls many tanks and fountains of pure water with numerous princely structures."[10]

In 1564, the Sultanate of Bijapur lost Adoni to Mohammedan rulers.[10]

From 1678 to 1688, rule of Adoni lay with Siddi Masud, a wealthy Habshi (African) from Abyssinia[11] who was a powerful general of Raja Anup Singh of Bikaner,[12][13][14] Siddi Masud improved the fort; cleared the surrounding forest; established the townships of Imatiazgadh and Adilabad; and constructed the Jamia Masjid.[15] Siddi Masud was also an avid art collector and a patron of the Kurnool school of painting.[16] In 1688, Adoni was attacked by Firuz Jang, a Mughal general. Siddi Musud surrendered with his courtiers and family.[17]

At the fall of the Mughal Empire, around 1760, Adoni was ruled by governors appointed by the Nizam of Hyderabad, a Mughal splinter clan. One such governor was Salabat Jung, brother of the Nizam.[18] The French supported the appointment. However,

"Salabat Jung was very mild by disposition and neither Bussy nor Dupleix rated his intelligence highly. In fact, Dupleix went to the extent of calling him a duffer."[19]

In 1786, Adoni was Fort St George,

"North and by east of Bellary, on the Hyderabad road, the only important town is Adoni; it contains a very large population of Mussulmen, and is a place of considerable trade and manufacture."[26]

In 1867, the Adoni and the Bellary Municipal Councils were created.[27] Between 1876 and 1878, a severe Andhra Pradesh.

Climate and geography

Adoni is located at .[29] It has an average elevation of 435 metres (1427 feet) above sea level. The climate is mainly tropical, with temperatures from 31 °C to 45 °C in summer and 21 °C to 29 °C in winter. The soil is black and red. There are large limestone deposits suitable for cement. There are a number of minerals such as copper, lead, zinc and in some places, diamonds.[30]

Demographics

Religions in Adoni
Religion Percent
Hindus
  
71.02%
Muslims
  
26.49%
Christians
  
1.27%
Others†
  
0.42%
Distribution of religions
†Includes Sikhs (0.2%), Buddhists (<0.2%).

As of 2011 the Census of India, recorded in the town a population of 166,537. The total population constituted 82,743 males and 83,794 females. These numbers produced a gender ratio of 1013 females per 1000 males, which was higher than the national average of 940 per 1000.[3][31] In the same year, 18,406 children were between 0 and 6 years of age. In this group, 9,355 were boys and 9,051 were girls, giving a gender ratio of 968 per 1000. The average literacy rate was 68.38 percent with 101,292 literate people. This number was significantly lower than the national average of 73 percent.[3][32]

The urban agglomeration had a population of 184,771, of which 92,006 were male and 92,765 were female, giving a gender ratio of 1008 females per 1000 males. Children aged 0 to 6 years numbered 20,517. There were 112,151 literate people giving an average literacy rate of 68.28 percent.[4]

Economy

Adoni is a large producer of cotton and has a substantial ginning and textile industry. Second in importance is groundnut oil.[33] Adoni is an important trading centre in Andhra Pradesh with a big market situated in the centre of the town.[33]

Transport

Adoni Railway Station

Rail

Adoni railway station and its connections were built during British rule in 1870.[34] It is now a part of the South Central Railway on the Solapur-Guntakal line which is part of Chennai-Mumbai line.

Road

Adoni is connected to major cities of the Andhra Pradesh by road. These cities include Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Kurnool, Anantapur, Vijayawada, Bellary, Tirupathi, and Mysore. Roads are provided by Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC), Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and some private entities. Within the city, auto rickshaws and rented cars are a common means of transportation.

Air

The Domestic airports near to Adoni are Bellary (68 km) and Puttaparthi (170 km),[35] The nearest international airports are Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (293 km) and Bangalore International Airport (346 km).

Tourism

  • Adoni fort is one of the famous forts in India. It is from the time of the Vijayanagara Empire. The fort ramparts measure 50 km in circumference which encircle five large granite hilltops. Two are of 800 feet.[36] The fort has number of entrance gates and twelve smaller "sub-forts", thus the Hindi name, barakhilla. There are secret tunnels that connect the Adoni fort to the Bellary and Hampi forts.
  • Ranamandala Anjaneya Swamy temple is on a hill that affords a pleasant view of Adoni.[37]
  • Shahi jamia masjid (Jami mosque) built by Siddi Masud in 1660, is a fine example of Muslim architecture. There is a tall door with buttresses; a court with a five arched facade; and a bulbous parapet with trefoil decoration. Slender minarets are decorated with chains of stone.[38]

Education

See also

References

  1. ^ "MLA". AP State Portal. Retrieved 30 October 2014. 
  2. ^ "Basic Information of Municipality". Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 18 January 2015. 
  3. ^ a b c d "Andhra Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". citypopulation.de. 
  4. ^ a b c "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). censusindia. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 18 January 2015. 
  5. ^ Obulesul, M. Total literacy campaign. Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi 2006 p. 70 - 72. ISBN 978-81-8356-056-6. Accessed 4 November 2014.
  6. ^ Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Accessed 17 January 2015.
  7. ^ a b Sen, S. Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-1796. Popular Prakashan, 1995, volume 2 p. 55. ISBN 9788171547890.
  8. ^ Stein, B. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press, 1989. Volume 1 p. 68. ISBN 9780521266932.
  9. ^ Welch S. India: Art and Culture, 1300-1900. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1985 p. 48. ISBN 9780030061141.
  10. ^ a b Hamilton, W. A Geographical, and Historical Discription of Hindostan and the Adjacent Countries. Murray 1820 p. 334. Accessed at Google Books on 11 September 2015.
  11. ^ Sharma R. Indian Art Treasures: Suresh Neotia collection. Mosaic Books 2006 p. 198 Accessed at Google Books 10 September 2015.
  12. ^ Patel, A. and Leonard, K. Indo-Muslim culture in Transition. BRILL, 2011 p. 39 ISBN 9789004212091.
  13. ^ Chaitanya K. A History of Indian Painting - Manuscript, Moghul and Deccani Traditions, Volume 2. Abhinav Publications, 1979 p. 75
  14. ^ Singh, R. Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan. University of Michigan, 1992. Accessed at Google books 10 September 2015.
  15. ^ Vasanth, R. and Basha, M. Islamic architecture of Deccan.
  16. ^ Zebrowski, M. Deccani painting University of California Press, Berkeley, first edition, 1982. Accessed 9 October 2014
  17. ^ Obeng P. Shaping Membership, Defining Nation: The Cultural Politics of African Indians in South Asia. Lexington Books, 2007 p.16. ISBN 9780739131213.
  18. ^ Gribble, J. History of the Decan. Mittal Publications, 1990 p. 59 Accessed at Google Books 10 September 2015.
  19. ^ Regani, S. Nizam-British Relations, 1724-1857. Concept Publishing Company, 1988 p. 52. ISBN 9788170221951
  20. ^ Walker, J. and Walker, C. A gazetteer of Southern India: with the Tenasserim Provinces and Singapore. Pharoah, 1855. Accessed 9 October 2014.
  21. ^ Wellesley, A.The Marquess Wellesley to the Resident at Hyderabad. Murry, 1836 p291.
  22. ^ Kelsall, J. Manual of the Bellary District. W. Thomas, 1872 p. 5
  23. ^ Butler, W. A Narrative of the Historical Events Connected with the Sixty-ninth Regiment. W. Mitchell, 1870 p. 67.
  24. ^ Wellesley, A. The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington. Parker, Furnivall, and Parker, 1844 Volume 1 p125.
  25. ^ Bellary. The Madras quarterly medical journal, 1842 Volume 4 p. 4
  26. ^ House of Commons Papers. H.M. Stationery Office, 1862. Vol 38 p. 233.
  27. ^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 7. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1908 p. 158 - 176.
  28. ^ Davis, M. Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World. Verso Books, 2002 p. 112. ISBN 9781781680612.
  29. ^ Adoni. Falling Rain Genomics Accessed 9 October 2014.
  30. ^ Narasaiah, M. Empowerment for Women. Discovery Publishing House, 2004 p.37 ISBN 817141785X, 9788171417858.
  31. ^ "Sex Ratio". The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 29 August 2014. 
  32. ^ "Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate)" (PDF). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Retrieved 29 August 2014. 
  33. ^ a b Prasad, J. (ed.)Encyclopaedia of Agricultural Marketing. Mittal Publications, 2005 p. 278 ISBN 8170997453, 9788170997450.
  34. ^ Francis, W. Gazetteer of South India. Mittal Publications, 2002 p. 441.
  35. ^ "Adoni Map | India Google Satellite Maps". Maplandia.com. Retrieved 2013-09-20. 
  36. ^ Sajnani, M. Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India. Gyan Publishing House, 2001 p. 15. ISBN 8178350181, 9788178350189.
  37. ^ Ranamandala Anjaneya swamy temple. Hike Ezee website. Accessed 16 September 2015.
  38. ^ Jamma masjid, Adoni. Eurpeana website. Accessed 16 September 2015.
  39. ^ "Index". adonicollege.com. 

External links

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