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Close-mid back unrounded vowel

 

Close-mid back unrounded vowel


Close-mid back unrounded vowel
ɤ
IPA number 315
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɤ
Unicode (hex) U+0264
X-SAMPA 7
Kirshenbaum o-
Braille ⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135)
Sound
 ·

The close-mid back unrounded vowel, or high-mid back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is a close-mid back-central unrounded vowel.[1] Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ɤ⟩, called "ram's horns". It is distinct from the symbol for the voiced velar fricative, ⟨ɣ⟩, which has a descender.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".

Before the 1989 IPA Convention, the symbol for the close-mid back unrounded vowel was ⟨⟩, sometimes called "baby gamma", which has a flat top. The symbol was revised to be ⟨⟩, "ram's horns", with a rounded top, in order to better differentiate it from the Latin gamma ⟨ɣ⟩.[2] Unicode provides only U+0264 ɤ latin small letter rams horn (HTML ɤ), but in some fonts this character may appear as a "baby gamma" instead.

Contents

  • Features 1
  • Occurrence 2
  • See also 3
  • References 4
  • Bibliography 5

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
•iy
•ɨʉ
•ɯu
•ɪʏ
ʊ
•eø
•ɘɵ
•ɤo
•e̞ø̞
•əɵ̞
•ɤ̞o̞
•ɛœ
•ɜɞ
•ʌɔ
•æ
ɐ
•aɶ
•äɒ̈
•ɑɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
 •  • chart •  chart with audio •

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Alekano gamó [ɣɑmɤʔ] 'cucumber'
Chinese Mandarin 喝/hē     'to drink' See Standard Chinese phonology
Taiwanese Hokkien 蚵/ô [ɤ˧] 'oyster' Mostly southern Taiwanese speech
English Cape Flats dialect[3] foot [fɤt] 'foot' Possible realization of /ʊ/; may be [u] or [ʉ] instead.[3]
Indian South African[4] Possible realization of /ʊ/; may be a weakly rounded [ʊ] instead.[4]
Received Pronunciation[5] long ago [lɒŋ ɤ̟ˈɡəʊ̯] 'long ago' Near-back; allophone of /ə/ between velar consonants.[5] See English phonology
White South African[6] pill [pʰɤ̟ɫ] 'pill' Near-back; allophone of /ɪ/ before the velarised allophone of /l/.[6] Also described as close [ɯ̟].[7]
Irish Uladh [ɤlˠu] 'Ulster' See Irish phonology
Kaingang[8] [ˈᵐbɤ] 'tail' Varies between back [ɤ] and central [ɘ][9]
Korean Gyeongsang dialect 거기/geogi [ˈkɤ̘ɡɪ] 'there' See Korean phonology
Northern Tiwa Taos dialect [ˌmã̀ˑˈpɤ̄u̯mã̄] 'it was squeezed' May be central [ɘ] instead. See Taos phonology
Önge önge [ˈɤŋe] 'man'
Scottish Gaelic doirbh [d̪̊ɤrʲɤv] 'difficult' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Sundanese ieu [iɤ] 'this'
Thai[10] เธอ/thoe [tʰɤ̟ː] 'you' Near-back[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
  2. ^ Nicholas, Nick (2003). "Greek-derived IPA symbols". Greek Unicode Issues. University of California, Irvine. 
  3. ^ a b Finn (2004), p. 970.
  4. ^ a b Mesthrie (2004), p. 956.
  5. ^ a b Gimson (2014), p. 138.
  6. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 617.
  7. ^ Bowerman (2004), p. 936.
  8. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677 and 682.
  9. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676 and 682.
  10. ^ a b Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 25.

Bibliography

  • Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942,  
  • Finn, Peter (2004), "Cape Flats English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 934–984,  
  • Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan, ed., Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge,  
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP) 3: 675–685 
  • Mesthrie, Rajend (2004), "Indian South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 953–963,  
  • Tingsabadh, M. R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993), "Thai", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (1): 24–28,  
  •  
 
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