Hunzib is a Georgia.
Classification
Hunzib belongs to the Tsezic group of the Northeast Caucasian languages. It is most closely related to Bezhta and Khwarshi, according to the latest research.[4] Other Tsezic languages include Tsez and Hinukh. Khwarshi was previously grouped together with Tsez and Hinukh instead of with Hunzib.
Geographic distribution
Hunzib is not an official language, nor is it written. It is spoken in the Georgia.
Phonology
Vowels
Vowels in Hunzib may be short, long, or nasalized.
Consonants
Hunzib has 35 consonants. Three consonants, /x/, /ħ/, and /ʕ/, are only found in loanwords.
Grammar
Gender
Like a number of other Northeast Caucasian languages, Hunzib has a grammatical gender system with five classes. The first classes, I and II mark male and female rationals, respectively, while the remaining classes mark non-humans. Gender marking is covert on nouns, but appears in agreement on verbs, adjectives, pronouns, and adverbial constructions.[5]
|
Class
|
Sg.
|
Pl.
|
|
I
|
∅-
|
b-1
|
|
II
|
j-
|
|
III
|
j-
|
r-1
|
|
IV
|
b-1
|
|
V
|
r-1
|
-
When preceding a nasalized vowel, class markers b- and r- surface as m- and n- respectively.
Nouns
Nouns in Hunzib come in five noun classes: male, female, and three classes for inanimate objects. There are a number of cases in Hunzib, including the absolutive, ergative, genitive, instrumental. A number of other case-like markers indicate direction and include dative, adessive, superessive, contactive, comitative and allative declensions. The following are taken from Helma van den Berg's A Grammar of Hunzib.[5]
Case
Hunzib has four basic grammatical cases, the absolutive, ergative, genitive, and instrumental. The absolutive case is formed from the base stem, and the other cases are formed from the oblique stem.
|
Case
|
Marker
|
|
Absolutive
|
-∅
|
|
Ergative
|
-l1 / -lo2, -y
|
|
Genitive
|
-s
|
|
Instrumental
|
-d1 / -do2
|
-
After vowels
-
After consonants
Hunzib also has a series of local cases, where localizations are combined with directional suffixes. The
dative and
adessive cases have syntactic functions as well, but are morphologically local.
-
The vowel in these forms will be a duplicate of the vowel in the syllable to which it attaches.
Oblique stem
Cases other than the absolutive are formed by attaching the relevant case marker to an oblique stem, which is often the base stem plus some lexically determined extension.
|
Extension
|
Notes
|
Extension
|
Notes
|
|
-li
|
Productive; found more with nouns ending in a consonant
|
-ba
|
Rare
|
|
-a
|
Common; with nouns ending in a consonant or vowel (but esp. -u)
|
-y
|
Rare
|
|
-lo
|
Common; mostly with nouns ending in -i
|
-ɑ/e/o/u
|
Rare
|
|
-yo
|
Common; mostly with nouns ending in -i
|
-la
|
Rare
|
|
-i
|
Common; mostly with nouns ending in a vowel
|
-mo
|
Rare
|
|
-bo
|
Common; with nouns ending in a consonant or vowel
|
-di/u/o
|
Rare
|
|
-ra/o/u
|
Rare
|
|
|
|
-tʼu
|
Rare
|
|
|
Some nouns (around 7%) do not use any extension and the oblique and base stems are identical. These words generally end in a vowel, like "father" ABS ɑbu, GEN ɑbu-s. A small number of Hunzib nouns exhibit stem alternation, like "moon" ABS boco, GEN bɨcə.
Verbs
Most verbs agree in class and number with the noun in the phrase that is in the absolutive case. As Hunzib has ergative alignment, that equals the subject of intransitive sentences and the direct object of transitive sentences.
Word order
Hunzib usually follows a subject–object–verb word order.
References
-
^ Hunzib at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
-
^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Hunzib". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
-
^ Ethnologue entry for Hunzib
-
^ The Languages of the Caucasus, by Wolfgang Schulze (2009)
-
^ a b Berg, Helma van den, A Grammar of Hunzib (with Texts and Lexicon) (Lincom Europa, München 1995) ISBN 3-89586-006-9.
-
Berg, Helma van den (1995). A Grammar of Hunzib (with Texts and Lexicon). München: Lincom Europa.
External links
-
Hunzib basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov, .mil, .edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002.
Crowd sourced content that is contributed to World Heritage Encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles.
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. World Heritage Encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the World Public Library Association, a non-profit organization.