List of manned spacecraft

This is a list of Human spaceflight types, including space stations, sorted by nation and series in chronological order. Canceled programs are listed at the end.

Comparison

Scaled comparison of manned spacecraft, including names, manufacturers, and dates of operation

Current human spacecraft

Soyuz-TMA spacecraft

Shenzhou spacecraft

Orbital

Russian

• Soyuz (1967–present) 2 or 3 person Earth orbital;^[1] fourth and fifth generations continued operation by Russian Federation

Chinese

• Shenzhou (2003–present) 3 person Earth orbital craft

Space stations

International Space Station

• International Space Station (1998–present)
• Tiangong 1 (2011–present)

Former human spacecraft

Orbital

Soviet/Russian

Apollo 17 spacecraft

• Vostok (1961–1963) single-person Earth orbital craft^[2]
• Voskhod (1964–1965) 2 or 3 person Vostok derivative^[3]

American

• Mercury spacecraft (1961–1963) single-person Earth orbital craft^[4]
• Gemini spacecraft (1965–1966) 2 person Earth orbital craft^[5]
• Apollo spacecraft
  • Command/Service Module (1968–1975) 3 person Earth and lunar orbital craft^[6]
  • Lunar Module (1969–1972) 2 person lunar lander^[7]
• Space Shuttle (1981–2011) 2 to 8 person Earth orbital craft; first orbit-capable spaceplane; first partially reusable spacecraft

Space stations

• Salyut series (1971–1991)^[8]
• Skylab (1973–1974)
• Almaz series (1973–1977) Military reconnaissance stations, disguised as Salyut 2, 3 and 5
• Mir (1986–2001)

Suborbital

• X-15 (1959–1970) air-launched spaceplane; first X-15 flight to pass Kármán line occurred in 1963^[9]
• SpaceShipOne (2003–2004) air-launched spaceplane

Proposed or in development

Orbital

Orion ground test article

Dragon spacecraft during an uncrewed cargo mission to the ISS

Russian

• Prospective Piloted Transport System (PPTS) (in development) 6 person Earth orbital craft

American

• Golden Spike Company Flyer (proposed manned Lunar spacecraft)
• Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) 4 person beyond Earth orbit craft (in development)
• SpaceX's Dragon 7 person Earth orbital craft (being modified to carry crew)^[10]
• Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser 7 person Earth orbital spaceplane (in development)^[10]
• Boeing's CST-100 Starliner 7 person Earth orbital craft (in development)^[10][11]
• Blue Origin's orbital spacecraft (in development)^[10]
• Excalibur Almaz commercial spacecraft (in development)

European

• Advanced Re-entry Vehicle (ARV) 4 person Earth orbital (proposed)^[12]
• CSTS (proposed)
• Mars One Transit Living Module and Human Lander (proposed)

Japanese

• HTV-R (proposed)

Indian

• ISRO Orbital Vehicle (in development)

Iranian

• Iranian manned spaceship project (in development)

British

• Skylon (unpiloted reusable spaceplane with possible Passenger Module, engine in development)

Suborbital

SpaceShipTwo with mothership in hangar

Russian

• Space Adventures Explorer (suborbital, in development)

American

• The Spaceship Company's SpaceShipTwo (suborbital, in development)
• The Spaceship Company's SpaceShipThree (suborbital, proposed)
• XCOR Aerospace's Lynx (suborbital, in development)
• Blue Origin's New Shepard (suborbital, in development)
• Masten Space Systems's XA Series (suborbital, in development)
• Masten Space Systems's O Series (orbital, proposed)
• Masten Space Systems's XL Series (orbital/lunar, proposed)

Canadian

• DreamSpace Group's XF1 (suborbital, proposed)^[13]

Romanian

• Stabilo (suborbital, in development)
• Orizont (suborbital, in development)

Danish

• HEAT 1X Tycho Brahe (suborbital, in development)

French

• VSH (suborbital, manned version of VEHRA, in development)

British

• Starchaser Industries's Nova 2 (suborbital, in development)
• Starchaser Industries's Thunderbird (suborbital, in development)
• Starchaser Industries's Thunderstar (suborbital, in development)

Argentine

AATE VESA (Spanish for Argentine Suborbital Space Vehicle) "Gauchito"

Uganda

African Space Research Program (Ugandian Suborbital Space Vehicle) "African Skyhawk" (in development), "Dynacraft Spaceship" (project)

Cancelled

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

• Space Transportation System (1976 - 2011, all elements canceled, except the Space Shuttle, which took the name)
• VentureStar, Lockheed Martin X-33 demonstrator (canceled 2001) single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) shuttle
• Altair Lunar Surface Access Module for Constellation program

Joint NASA / United States Air Force

• Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar (canceled 1963) winged orbital space plane, launched by Titan 3
• Manned Orbiting Laboratory + Gemini-B spacecraft (canceled 1969)
• Rockwell X-30 or National AeroSpace Plane (canceled 1993) to be used as a hypersonic transport plane or as a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) shuttle

Joint NASA / European Space Agency (ESA)

• X-38 (canceled 1999) lifting body crew-rescue vehicle for ISS

Soviet space program

• Soyuz 7K-VI Zvezda^[14] (1962-1968; military researching ship)
• Soyuz 7K-L1 (1967–1970) part of the abandoned Soviet manned lunar flyby program
• Soyuz L3 spacecraft (late 1960s to early 1970s); part of the abandoned Soviet manned lunar landing program (The LOK would carry two cosmonauts into orbit around the Moon, acting as "mother" spacecraft for the LK Lander, which would land one member of the crew to the surface)
  • Soyuz 7K-L3 (LOK) 2 person lunar orbital craft
  • LK Lander Module single-pilot lunar lander
• Spiral-EPOS (also known as EPOS – Russian acronym for Experimental Passenger Orbital Aircraft – canceled 1976)^[15]
• Shuttle Buran (1976-1988) canceled after one unmanned orbital flight^[16]
• Strelec (Archer; 1979 - 1991) universal military 3 person spaceship - tank, which was created within the project of cosmical complex Sapfir (Sapphire, project canceled)^[17]
• Zarya (project canceled 1989)
• MAKS (project canceled 1991)

Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA)

• Kliper (government funding canceled 2006)

European Space Agency (ESA)

• Hermes (project cancelled 1992)
• Hopper (project cancelled)
• ATV evolution (project not adopted)

Space stations

• Columbus-MTFF (project cancelled 1991)

China National Space Administration (CNSA)

• Shuguang (project cancelled 1972)
• FSW (unmanned flights only; manned program cancelled)

UK

• HOTOL (funding withdrawn 1986)
• HOTOL 2 (rejected 1991)

Japan

National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)

• HOPE-X (project cancelled 2003)
• Fuji (project not adopted)

Other Japan

• Kankoh-maru (proposed)

Notes

References

• Gatland, Kenneth (1976). Manned Spacecraft (2nd ed.).