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List of planar symmetry groups

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List of planar symmetry groups

This article summarizes the classes of discrete symmetry groups of the Euclidean plane. The symmetry groups are named here by three naming schemes: International notation, orbifold notation, and Coxeter notation. There are three kinds of symmetry groups of the plane:

Contents

  • Rosette groups 1
  • Frieze groups 2
  • Wallpaper groups 3
  • Wallpaper subgroup relationships 4
  • See also 5
  • Notes 6
  • References 7
  • External links 8

Rosette groups

There are two families of discrete two-dimensional point groups, and they are specified with parameter n, which is the order of the group of the rotations in the group.

Family Intl
(orbifold) 		Schön. Geo [1]
Coxeter 		Order Examples
Cyclic symmetry n
(n•) 		Cn n
[n]+
 n
C1, [ ]+ (•)
C2, [2]+ (2•)
C3, [3]+ (3•)
C4, [4]+ (4•)
C5, [5]+ (5•)
C6, [6]+ (6•)
Dihedral symmetry nm
(*n•) 		Dn n
[n]
 2n
D1, [ ] (*•)
D2, [2] (*2•)
D3, [3] (*3•)
D4, [4] (*4•)
D5, [5] (*5•)
D6, [6] (*6•)

Frieze groups

The 7 frieze groups, the two-dimensional line groups, with a direction of periodicity are given with five notational names. The Schönflies notation is given as infinite limits of 7 dihedral groups. The yellow regions represent the infinite fundamental domain in each.

[1,∞],
IUC
(Orbifold) 		Geo Schönflies Coxeter Fundamental
domain 		Example
p1
(∞•) 		p1 C∞ [1,∞]+
p1m1
(*∞•) 		p1 C∞v [1,∞]
[2,∞+],
IUC
(Orbifold) 		Geo Schönflies Coxeter Fundamental
domain 		Example
p11g
(∞×) 		p.g1 S2∞ [2+,∞+]
p11m
(∞*) 		p. 1 C∞h [2,∞+]
[2,∞],
IUC
(Orbifold) 		Geo Schönflies Coxeter Fundamental
domain 		Example
p2
(22∞) 		p2 D∞ [2,∞]+
p2mg
(2*∞) 		p2g D∞d [2+,∞]
p2mm
(*22∞) 		p2 D∞h [2,∞]

Wallpaper groups

The 17 wallpaper groups, with finite fundamental domains, are given by International notation, orbifold notation, and Coxeter notation, classified by the 5 Bravais lattices in the plane: square, oblique (parallelogrammatic), hexagonal (60 degree rhombic), rectangular, and centered rectangular (rhombic).

The p1 and p2 groups, with no reflectional symmetry, are repeated in all classes. The related pure reflectional Coxeter group are given with all classes except oblique.

Square
[4,4],
IUC
(Orb.)
Geo 		Coxeter Fundamental
domain
p1
(°)
p1
p2
(2222)
p2 		[4,1+,4]+

[1+,4,4,1+]+
pgg
(22×)
pg2g 		[4+,4+]
pmm
(*2222)
p2 		[4,1+,4]

[1+,4,4,1+]
cmm
(2*22)
c2 		[(4,4,2+)]
p4
(442)
p4 		[4,4]+
p4g
(4*2)
pg4 		[4+,4]
p4m
(*442)
p4 		[4,4]
Rectangular
[∞h,2,∞v],
IUC
(Orb.)
Geo 		Coxeter Fundamental
domain
p1
(°)
p1 		[∞+,2,∞+]
p2
(2222)
p2 		[∞,2,∞]+
pg(h)
(××)
pg1
 h: [∞+,(2,∞)+]
pg(v)
(××)
pg1 		v: [(∞,2)+,∞+]
pgm
(22*)
pg2 		h: [(∞,2)+,∞]
pmg
(22*)
pg2 		v: [∞,(2,∞)+]
pm(h)
(**)
p1 		h: [∞+,2,∞]
pm(v)
(**)
p1 		v: [∞,2,∞+]
pmm
(*2222)
p2 		[∞,2,∞]
Rhombic
[∞h,2+,∞v],
IUC
(Orb.)
Geo 		Coxeter Fundamental
domain
p1
(°)
p1 		[∞+,2+,∞+]
p2
(2222)
p2 		[∞,2+,∞]+
cm(h)
(*×)
c1 		h: [∞+,2+,∞]
cm(v)
(*×)
c1 		v: [∞,2+,∞+]
pgg
(22×)
pg2g 		[((∞,2)+)[2]]
cmm
(2*22)
c2 		[∞,2+,∞]
Parallelogrammatic (oblique)
p1
(°)
p1
p2
(2222)
p2
Hexagonal/Triangular
[6,3], / [3[3]],
p1
(°)
p1
p2
(2222)
p2 		[6,3]Δ
cmm
(2*22)
c2 		[6,3]⅄
p3
(333)
p3 		[1+,6,3+]

[3[3]]+
p3m1
(*333)
p3 		[1+,6,3]

[3[3]]
p31m
(3*3)
h3 		[6,3+]
p6
(632)
p6 		[6,3]+
p6m
(*632)
p6 		[6,3]

Wallpaper subgroup relationships

Subgroup relationships among the 17 wallpaper group[2]
o 2222 ×× ** *× 22× 22* *2222 2*22 442 4*2 *442 333 *333 3*3 632 *632
p1 p2 pg pm cm pgg pmg pmm cmm p4 p4g p4m p3 p3m1 p31m p6 p6m
o p1 2
2222 p 2 2 2
×× pg 2 2
** pm 2 2 2 2
*× cm 2 2 2 3
22× pgg 4 2 2 3
22* pmg 4 2 2 2 4 2 3
*2222 pmm 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2
2*22 cmm 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4
442 p4 4 2 2
4*2 p4g 8 4 4 8 4 2 4 4 2 2 9
*442 p4m 8 4 8 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2
333 p3 3 3
*333 p3m1 6 6 6 3 2 4 3
3*3 p31m 6 6 6 3 2 3 4
632 p6 6 3 2 4
*632 p6m 12 6 12 12 6 6 6 6 3 4 2 2 2 3

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Crystallographic Space groups in Geometric algebra, D. Hestenes and J. Holt, Journal of Mathematical Physics. 48, 023514 (2007) (22 pages) PDF [3]
  2. ^ Coxeter, (1980), The 17 plane groups, Table 4

References

  • The Symmetries of Things 2008, John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strass, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (Orbifold notation for polyhedra, Euclidean and hyperbolic tilings)
  • On Quaternions and Octonions, 2003, John Horton Conway and Derek A. Smith ISBN 978-1-56881-134-5
  • Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6 [4]
    • (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380–407, MR 2,10]
    • (Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559–591]
    • (Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3–45]
  • Coxeter, H. S. M. and Moser, W. O. J. (1980). Generators and Relations for Discrete Groups. New York: Springer-Verlag.  
  • N.W. Johnson: Geometries and Transformations, (2015) Chapter 11: Finite symmetry groups

External links

  • "Conway's manuscript" on Orbifold notation (Notation changed from this original, x is now used in place of open-dot, and o is used in place of the closed dot)
  • The 17 Wallpaper Groups
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