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Osteopetrosis, literally "stone bone", also known as marble bone disease and Albers-Schönberg disease, is an extremely rare inherited disorder whereby the bones harden, becoming denser, in contrast to more prevalent conditions like osteoporosis, in which the bones become less dense and more brittle, or osteomalacia, in which the bones soften. Osteopetrosis can cause bones to dissolve and break.[1]
It can cause osteosclerosis.[2] The cause of the disease is understood to be malfunctioning osteoclasts. Radiological findings will show a bone-in-bone appearance.[3]
Despite this excess bone formation, people with osteopetrosis tend to have bones that are more brittle than normal. Mild osteopetrosis may cause no symptoms, and present no problems. However, serious forms can result in stunted growth, deformity, and increased likelihood of fractures; also, patients suffer anemia, recurrent infections, and hepatosplenomegaly due to bone expansion leading to bone marrow narrowing and extramedullary hematopoiesis. It can also result in blindness, facial paralysis, and deafness, due to the increased pressure put on the nerves by the extra bone.[4]
Normal bone growth is achieved by a balance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption (breakdown of bone matrix) by osteoclasts. In osteopetrosis, the number of osteoclasts may be reduced, normal, or increased. Most importantly, osteoclast dysfunction mediates the pathogenesis of this disease.
Osteopetrosis is caused by underlying mutations that interfere with the acidification of the osteoclast resorption pit, for example due to a deficiency of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme encoded by the CA2 gene.[5] Carbonic anhydrase is required by osteoclasts for proton production. Without this enzyme hydrogen ion pumping is inhibited and bone resorption by osteoclasts is defective, as an acidic environment is needed to dissociate calcium hydroxyapatite from the bone matrix. As bone resorption fails while bone formation continues, excessive bone is formed.[6]
The several forms are:
The differential diagnoses include other disorders which can cause diffuse osteosclerosis, such as hypervitaminosis D and hypoparathyroidism, Paget's disease, diffuse bone metastasis of breast or prostate cancer (which tend to be osteoblastic, while most metastases are osteolytic), intoxication with fluoride, lead or beryllium, and hematological disorders such as myelofibrosis, sickle cell disease, and leukemia.
The only durable cure for osteopetrosis types affecting the osteoclasts (most types) is bone marrow transplant.[7]
If complications occur in children, patients can be treated with vitamin D. Gamma interferon has also been shown to be effective, and it can be associated to vitamin D. Erythropoetin has been used to treat any associated anemia. Corticosteroids may alleviate both the anemia and stimulate bone resorption. Fractures and osteomyelitis can be treated as usual.
There is 1 diseased for 100—200 thousands of newborns, but the chance to be diseased is greater in russian regions Chuvashia (1 diseased for 3500—4000 newborns) and Mari El (1 diseased for 14000 newborns) due to ethnogeny features of chuvash people и mari people.[8][9]
EDAR (EDAR hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia)
Dwarfism, Chromosome, Icd-10, Medical Subject Headings, Bone
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Osteochondrodysplasia, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Icd-10, Medical Subject Headings, Melorheostosis
Alpi, Protein Data Bank, Enzyme Commission number, Ensembl, UniProt
Osteochondrodysplasia, Osteopetrosis, Dwarfism, Growth factor receptor, Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2
Osteochondrodysplasia, Gene, Omim, Inheritance, Mutation