World Health Organization : Technical Report Series, No. 636: Controlling the Smoking Epidemic

By O. O. Akinkugbe

Book Id: WPLBN0000166665
Format Type: PDF eBook:
File Size: 3.70 MB
Reproduction Date: 2005

Title:	World Health Organization : Technical Report Series, No. 636: Controlling the Smoking Epidemic
Author:	O. O. Akinkugbe
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Health., Public health, Wellness programs
Collections:	Medical Library Collection, World Health Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	World Health Organization


Citation APA MLA Chicago O. Akinkugb, B. O. (n.d.). World Health Organization : Technical Report Series, No. 636. Retrieved from http://www.self.gutenberg.org/

Description
Medical Reference Publication

Excerpt
1. INTRODUCTION The recommendations made by the WHO Expert Committee on Smoking and its Effects on Health (I), which met in Geneva in 1974, are still 'valid. They have been implemented in varying degrees in some countries but fully in none. For convenience these recommendations are reprinted in Annex 1. The present Committee decided that the assessment made by the earlier Committee needed no abatement and need not be repeated. It therefore elaborated the earlier assessment and recommendations, where such elaboration was justified by new knowledge and bythe further extension of the smoking hazard in countries previously less affected. The Committee felt that the time had come for WHO and national health agencies to make a fresh and realistic assessment of their objectives. There can no longer be any doubt among informed people that in any country where smoking is (and has for a considerable period been) a common practice, it is a major and certainly removable cause of

Table of Contents
CONTENTS Page 1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 . The harmful health consequences of smoking . . . . . 2.1 Morbidity and the shortening of life . . . . . . 2.2 Lung cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Ischaemic heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Chronic bronchitis and emphysema . . . . . . . 2.5 Effects of smoking on children and young people . 2.6 Genetic risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Women and smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 Smoking and occupation . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 Involuntary smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . Socioeconomic implications of tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.1 Losses caused by smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.2 Role of taxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.3 The role of the tobacco industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4 Problems created by tobacco production . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4 . The dynamics of the smoking epidemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5. Strategies for smoking control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 5.1 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.2 Strategy at the international level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.3 Strategy at the national level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 5.4 Strategy for key groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.5 The role of government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 6 . Monitoring the national smoking problem and evaluating control activities 43 7 . Public information and public education programmes . . . . . . . . . 45 7.1 Public information programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 7.2 Public education programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 7.3 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 8 . Legislation and restrictive measures to control smoking . . . . . . . . 53 8.1 Control of sales promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 8.2 Health warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 8.3 Product description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 8.4 Upper limits of harmful substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 8.5 Taxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 8.6 Sales restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 8.7 Restrictions on smoking in public places . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 8.8 Restrictions on smoking at place of work . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 8.9 The case for legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 8.10 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 8.11 International aspects of legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 8.12 Evaluation of legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65