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...th a significant concept by giving representation to indeterminates. Uncertainty or indeterminacy happen to be one of the major factors in almost all real-world problems. When uncertainty is modeled we use fuzzy theory and when indeterminacy is involved we use neutrosophic theory. Most of the fuzzy models which deal with the analysis and study of unsupervised data make use...

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...ainty or indeterminacy happen to be one of the major factors in almost all real-world problems. When uncertainty is modeled we use fuzzy theory and... ...ed we use neutrosophic theory. Most of the fuzzy models which deal with the analysis and study of unsupervised data make use of the directed graphs ... ...trices. So we for the first time introduce and study these concepts. As our analysis in this book is application of neutrosophic algebraic structure... ...es. 1.1 Neutrosophic fields In this book we assume all fields to be real fields of characteristic 0 all vector spaces are taken as real spac... ... fields of characteristic 0 all vector spaces are taken as real spaces over reals and we denote the indeterminacy by ‘I ’ as i will make a confusion... ...I is such that I . I = I 2 = I. DEFINITION 1.1.1: Let K be the field of reals. We call the field generated by K ∪ I to be the neutrosophic field... ...tes the field generated by K and I. Example 1.1.1: Let R be the field of reals. The neutrosophic field of reals is generated by 〈R ∪ I 〉 i.e. R(... ...similar representation of a directed graph arises in that part of numerical analysis involving matrix inversion and the calculation of eigen values.... ...lly in the field of applications of fuzzy theory is a grand one for most of analysis of unsupervised data are very successfully carried out by the u...

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... From solving equations to characterising linear transformations or linear operators, matrices are used. Matrices find their applications in several real models. In fact it is not an exaggeration if one says that matrix theory and linear algebra (i.e. vector spaces) form an inseparable component of each other. The study of bialgebraic structures led to the invention of...

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...erful and an advanced tool which can handle over one linear model at a time. Bimatrices will be useful when time bound comparisons are needed in the analysis of the model....

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... operators, matrices are used. Matrices find their applications in several real models. In fact it is not an exaggeration if one says that matrix t... ...se operations. In fact this property will be nice in a way, for, in all our analysis we would not in general get a solution from a set we have start... ...e. Bimatrices will be useful when time bound comparisons are needed in the analysis of the model. Thus for the first time the notion of bimatrices ... ... Z will denote the set of integers both positive, negative with zero, R the reals, Q the set of rationals and C the set of complex numbers. Z n wil... ... = |A 1 | and d 2 = |A 2 |. |A B | = (d 1 , d 2 ) where d 1 and d 2 are reals may be positive or negative or even zero. ( |A| denotes determinan... ...inear bioperator is introduced in section four. Section Five introduces and analysis the notions of bieigen values and bieigen vectors. In section s... ...en we call V a pseudo bivector space. Example 2.1.5: Let V = R the set of reals, B = ( ) ( ) Q3Q2 ∪ be the bifield. Clearly R is a pseudo bivec... ... 2 = {f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4 } is defined by f i (x) = x i – 1 . Let t be a real number and define g i (x) = (x + t) i–1 i.e. g 1 = f 1 g...

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...lem using FRE 196 2.6 Data compression with FRE 196 2.7 Applying FRE to Threat Analysis 196 2.8 FRE application to medical diagnosis 197 2.9 A fuz... ...4.10 Some properties of minimal solution for NRE 270 4.11 Application of NRE to Real-world problems 272 Chapter Five SUGGESTED PROBLEMS 279 Bi... ...sophic Relational Equations have a role to play for we see that in most of the real-world problems, the concept of indeterminacy certainly has its ... ...on 4.11 is completely devoted to suggest how one can apply NREs in the study of real world problems. We suggest many problems in chapter five for th... ... Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps (http://gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/NCMs.pdf) and Analysis of Social Aspects of Migrant Labourers Living With HIV/AIDS... ...goodness of one value cannot compensate the badness of another value [117]. In reality there are situations that allow compensatability among the v... ... (=N 5 ). This clearly implies that all entries in the matrices P, Q, and R are real numbers from the unit interval [0, 1]. Assume now that the thre... ... we can only provide the decision maker with the Pareto optimal set for further analysis. For a problem with multiple linear objective functions, th... ...he transform function f and the threshold value θ, which is reasonable (see the analysis by [6]) in fact for our fuzzy neural network discussed late...

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...51;34512;45123;51234 | {z } 5 ; 123456;234561;345612;456123;561234;612345 | {z } 6 ;::: Let ]x[ be the largest natural number strongly smaller than th... ...5) In A5 the identity ¼(b) X k=1 ¼( n p k )=¼( n b ):¼(b)+ ¼( n 2 )¡¼( n b ) X k=1 ¼( n p ¼( n b )+k )( 6 ) is proved, under the condition b ¸2( b is ... ...richlet's identity X k·n f(k): X t=k g(t)= X k·n g(k): X s· n k f(ks); where g is also arbitrary arithmetic function. Putting there g(x)= lnx for ever... ...n f(k): X s· n k g(s)= X k·n g(k): X s· n k f(s); that is valid for arbitrary two arithmetic functions f and g,weput: g(x)´1; f(x)=lnx for any positiv... ...2 ) holds. In particular, it is possible to use µ(n) instead of ¸(n). Further, we will ¯nd an explicit formula for a (m) n when m¸2is ¯xed. Let for an... ...ov. On 25-th and 26-th Smarandache's problems. Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 9, 2003, No. 4, 99-104. [42] Yosida K., Functiona...

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...s. The last chapter is completely devoted to research problems some of them are really very difficult for these problems may attract a research stud... ...inite group. 2.2 Some Examples of Groups Example 2.2.1: G consists of real numbers 1 and −1. G under multiplication is a group of order 2 ... ...G be the set of all 2 × 2 matrices         d c b a where a, b, c, d are real numbers such that ad − − − − bc ≠ 0. G is a group under matrix ... ...ache subsemigroup and obtain some interesting results about this study and this analysis of Smarandache subsemigroup has lead us to the definition o... ...bgroups in S none of whose order divides the order of S, these S-semigroups are really very innovative because they make the analog of the classical... ...e a ∈ G \ {e} with x = axa -1 that is ax = xa and a ~ x. Such things happen in reality also for consider S 4 the symmetric group of degree 4. ...

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...CHABILITY: PERIYAR’S VIEW AND PRESENT DAY SITUATION A FUZZY AND NEUTROSOPHIC ANALYSIS 2.1 Analysis of untouchability due to Hindu religion usi... ...Analysis of untouchability due to Hindu religion using FCMs and NCMs 43 2.2 Analysis of discrimination faced by Dalits/ Sudras in the field of ed... ...Social inequality faced by Dalits and some of the most backward classes - an analysis using FCM and NCM 66 5 2.4 Problems faced by Dalits in th... ...ced by Dalits in the political arena due to discrimination – a FCM and NCM analysis 75 2.5 Study of Economic Status of Dalits due to untouchabi... ...the expert's opinion for this unsupervised data to obtain some idea about the real plight of the situation. This is just an illustration to show how... ...ut this section we assume the elements of the domain space are taken from the real vector space of dimension n and that of the range space are real ... ...al that the notion of neutrosophic logic play a vital role in several of the real world problems like law, medicine, industry, finance, IT, stocks ... ... the notion of neutrosophic concepts. In this book we assume all fields to be real fields of characteristic 0 all vector spaces are taken as real sp... ...l fields of characteristic 0 all vector spaces are taken as real spaces over reals and we denote the indeterminacy by ‘I ’ as i will make a confusi...

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...Graphs and matrices play a vital role in the analysis and study of several of the real world problems which are based only on unsupervised data. The fuzzy and neutrosophic tools like fuzzy cognitive maps invented by Kosko and neutrosophic cognitive maps introduced by u...

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... 5 Preface Graphs and matrices play a vital role in the analysis and study of several of the real world problems which are ba... ...hs and matrices play a vital role in the analysis and study of several of the real world problems which are based only on unsupervised data. The fuz... ...vented by Kosko and neutrosophic cognitive maps introduced by us help in the analysis of such real world problems and they happen to be mathematica... ...and neutrosophic cognitive maps introduced by us help in the analysis of such real world problems and they happen to be mathematical tools which can... ...lp in easily understanding the definition and examples. We have also given 25 real world problems as applications of Bimatrices to Fuzzy and Neutros... ...y study several models that are at times time dependent or when a comparative analysis is needed can use these models. On a personal note, we th... ...FCM and overlap FCM when some of the attributes overlap i.e. in the study or analysis of a model when we have some common attributes given by exper... ...s in case of graphs in bigraphs also the following. Since a bigraph can be realized as the ‘union’ of two graphs here the ‘union’ is distinctly d... ...ol just denotes only connection or union as subsets. Thus a bigraph G can be realized as G = (V (G 1 ), E (G 1 ), 1 G I) ∪ (V (G 2 ), E (G 2 ), 2 ...

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...ervals, finite complex numbers and matrices. Secondly the authors introduce the new notion of finite complex modulo numbers just defined as for usual reals. Finally we introduced the notion of natural product Xn on matrices. This enables one to define product of two column matrices of same order. We can find also product of m*n matrices even if m not does equal n. This nat...

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...In this chapter we just give a analysis of why we need the natural operations on intervals and if we have to define natural operations existing on reals to the intervals what changes should be made in the definition of intervals. Here we redefine the struc...

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...lem using FRE 196 2.6 Data compression with FRE 196 2.7 Applying FRE to Threat Analysis 196 2.8 FRE application to medical diagnosis 197 2.9 A fuz... ...4.10 Some properties of minimal solution for NRE 270 4.11 Application of NRE to Real-world problems 272 Chapter Five SUGGESTED PROBLEMS 279 Bi... ...sophic Relational Equations have a role to play for we see that in most of the real-world problems, the concept of indeterminacy certainly has its ... ...on 4.11 is completely devoted to suggest how one can apply NREs in the study of real world problems. We suggest many problems in chapter five for th... ... Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps (http://gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/NCMs.pdf) and Analysis of Social Aspects of Migrant Labourers Living With HIV/AIDS... ...goodness of one value cannot compensate the badness of another value [117]. In reality there are situations that allow compensatability among the v... ... (=N 5 ). This clearly implies that all entries in the matrices P, Q, and R are real numbers from the unit interval [0, 1]. Assume now that the thre... ... we can only provide the decision maker with the Pareto optimal set for further analysis. For a problem with multiple linear objective functions, th... ...he transform function f and the threshold value θ, which is reasonable (see the analysis by [6]) in fact for our fuzzy neural network discussed late...

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...shall prove the following conclusion: Theorem. For any xed prime and any real number , we have the asymptotic formula Taking , in the theorem, we ... ...ng 2 RESEARCH ON SMARANDACHE PROBLEMS IN NUMBER THEORY Corollary. For any real number , we have the asymptotic formula 2. One simple lemma To comple... ...heorem, we need the following simple lemma: Lemma. For any xed prime and real number , we have Proof. First we come to calculate Note that the iden... ...tudied it and obtained an interesting asymptotic formula. That is, for any real number , 6 RESEARCH ON SMARANDACHE PROBLEMS IN NUMBER THEORY where ... ... the asymptotic properties of in the following form: where be a positive real number, and give an interesting asymptotic formula for it. In fact, we... ...gent property of . Especially, when , from the knowledge of mathematical analysis (see [2]), we have This completes the proof of the theorem. Refer... ...iQuan Publishing House, Chicago, 1993, pp36. [2] T.M.Apostol. Mathematical analysis, 2nd ed., Addison Wesley Publish- ing Co., Reading, Mass, 1974. A...

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...stake as being Euclidean, elliptic, or hyperbolic. Great insight comes from the realization that the geometries of Euclid, Gauss, Bolyai, et al, are ... ...turning to mathematics, and Prof. Hass, my thesis advisor, introduced me to the real world of geometry and topology. Virtually all of my thinking in... ...ther Objects in an s-Manifold Segments Our s-lines correspond naturally to the real line, since they extend indefinitely and are continuous. Given ... ...nd by traveling in the other direction. In terms of this distance function, the real numbers cover the s-line. In the case of a closed s-line, R cov... ...egment to be any part of an s-line that corresponds to a closed interval on the real line. If we were to choose this definition, a closed s-line, lik... ...ht angles at G and H, we have that ∠HAB + ∠ABG + ∠HCG = 120º. This angle sum analysis can, of course, be extended to polygons with four or more si... ...hought, each theorem of Euclidean geometry is an object ready for an s-manifold analysis. Here, we will consider one example. 59 The alternate... ...ll never intersect. 69 For the non-collinear triple G, H, and I, a similar analysis shows that the s-lines e and f must always intersect. It is... ...t us finish with a discussion of future research in this area. There is much analysis that can be done on the theorems of Euclidean, hyperbolic, a...

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... is very di cult to decide in this eld of Elementary Geometry - Algebra - Analysis) we note that (1) appears in [R. Sturm: Maxima und minima in der e... ...ce (e.g. "Heron trapeziums"). Bibliography 1. R.D. Carmichael, Diophantine analysis, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1915. 2. R.K. Guy, Unsolved proble... .... Sci. 41(1988), 19-21. 8. E.T. Whittaker, G.N. Watson, A course of modern analysis, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1969. 107 20 On certain diophantine equat... ... for odd n, the theorem implies that C(n) =n 2 for n 3 and odd. Thus the real di culty in calculating C(n) is for n an even number. 169 2) The abov... ...ow de ne the following "additive analogue", which is de ned on a subset of real numbers. Let S(x) = minfm2N : x m!g; x2 (1;1) (1) as well as, its dua... ...Discr. Math. 5(1999), No.2, 41-51. 2. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Second ed., Mc Graw-Hill Company, New York, 1964. 174 17 On the ... ...Math. 34(1989), 7-14. 188 20 On certain inequalities for k 1. Letk be a real number andn 1 a positive integer. Letd 1 ;d 2 ;:::;d s be all distinc... ...1 n d i k ; so s X i=1 d k i =n k s X i=1 d k i (8) Let k;t > 0 be real numbers, and apply (6) to a i = d k=2 i , b i = d t=2 i (i = 1;s). T... ...alities [3] such that if a 1 a 2 ::: a s and b 1 b 2 ::: b s are real numbers, then s X i=1 a i ! s X i=1 b i ! s s X i=1 a i b i (12) ...

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...Gray for her encouragement and patience as I struggled to make this book a reality. The material cited in this book can be found at the website http:/... ...simultaneously, it can become overloaded and “see” structure that does not really exist. 71 F. Smarandache defined several ASCII images that have th... ...milar to that for series number 10, although more slowly, so no additional analysis will be done. 12) Let f: N → R be a function defined by ... ...mate value for the sum of the series. 131 16) The series where p > 1 is a real number, converges to a number s16. (For 0 ≤ p ≤ 2, the series diverge...

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...om 9 2 = 81, and the sum of the digits of 81 = 9. For purposes of this analysis, we will consider one to be a trivial solution and ignore it. We ... ... r=0 Smarandache (Inferior) Prime Part Sequence For any positive real number n, one can define p p (n) as the largest prime number less than...

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... of chaotic alignments, traditional logic with its strict boundaries of truth and falsity has not imbued itself with the capability of reflecting the reality. Despite various attempts to reorient logic, there has remained an essential need for an alternative system that could infuse into itself a representation of the real world. Out of this need arose the system of Neutro...

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...h and falsity has not imbued itself with the capability of reflecting the reality. Despite various attempts to reorient logic, there has remained an... ... alternative system that could infuse into itself a representation of the real world. Out of this need arose the system of Neutrosophy, and its conn... ...research papers which deal with FCMs, and the tool has been used to study real-world situations as varied as stock-investment analysis to supervisor... ...as been used to study real-world situations as varied as stock-investment analysis to supervisory system control, and child labor to community mobil... ...e concepts of FCMs, and also try to give an inclusive view of the various real-world problems to which FCMs have been applied. Though there are over... ...ter level. We have written this book as a maiden effort to inculcate into real-world problems the concept of indeterminacy, uncertainty and inconclu... ... systems; mobile robots and in intimate technology such as office plants; analysis of business performance assessment; formalism debate and legal ru... ...s to be better than that of the FCM model in several ways mainly when the analysis of the data can be treated as two disjoint entities. Thus its appl... ...12, 119]. This example illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of FCM analysis. FCM allows experts to represent factual and evaluative concepts ...

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Critical analysis of the foundations and tenets of capitalism and of the dismal science - economics.

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...ed to be constantly engaged in the rational pursuit of self interest. This is not a realistic model - merely a useful approximation. According to th... ...ts power ruthlessly, as per public choice theories. Both views are caricatures of reality. Governments indeed seek to perpetuate their clout and i... ... to yield results only decades hence. There is no effective method of cost/benefit analysis applicable to such time horizons. How are consumer cho... ... violate the laws of its internal logic and the rules of logic "out there", in the real world. e. Insightfulness – It must cast the familiar in a ... ...redictions which come true, either because they are self-fulfilling or because some real "law", or pattern, has emerged. Alas, this happens rarely. ... ... limited wants. Asset exchanges the world over are now adjusting to this harrowing realization - that cost free goods are worth little in terms of ... ...of a paper published by NBER on March 2000 and titled "The Foundations of Technical Analysis" - Andrew Lo, Harry Mamaysky, and Jiang Wang - claim t... ...al Analysis" - Andrew Lo, Harry Mamaysky, and Jiang Wang - claim that: "Technical analysis, also known as 'charting', has been part of financial p... ...cademic scrutiny and acceptance as more traditional approaches such as fundamental analysis. One of the main obstacles is the highly subjective nat...

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...ries quickly spread to developing countries and the rest of the world. The turbulence in financial systems was followed by a significant reduction in real economic activity throughout the world. The crisis has highlighted that financial markets are inherently unstable and market failures have huge economic and social costs. The crisis has renewed debate on the role of glob...

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...rent crisis. The turmoil in the financial sector rapidly spiraled into the real sector, thereby leading to a global economic crisis. Given the scale a... ...had been structured in a manner that offered higher yields. Many failed to realize the risks involved. By June 2007, as interest rates rose and borrow... ...ave stepped-in to restore stability in the financial markets and stimulate real economy. Several policy measures (both short and long-term) have been ... ...at 64 million more people will fall into extreme poverty in 2010. Although real-time data is still not available, a recent World Bank Report estimated... ...tries should adopt a cautious approach towards volatile capital flows. The real challenge before developing countries is to how to control and channel... ...england.co.uk/publications/ speeches/2008/speech339.pdf). 10. For detailed analysis, see, Kavaljit Singh, Sovereign Wealth Funds: Some Frequently Aske... ... and private) on efficiency and productivity levels in India. However, the analysis carried out by RBI suggests domestic banks no longer lag behind th... ...ndia using both accounting and economic measures. 3 Based on its rigorous analysis, the RBI observed that “ownership has no definite relationship wit... ...e seriously reconsidered by Indian policy makers. A detailed cost-benefit analysis of the impact of the entry of foreign banks in the Indian banking ...

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...s, solved/unsolved problems, new Smarandache type sequences and new Smarandache Notions in number theory. Moreover a chapter (IV) is dedicated to the analysis of Smarandache Double factorial function introduced in number theory by F. Smarandache ("The Florentin Smarandache papers" special collection, University of Craiova Library, and Archivele Statului, Filiala Valcea) an...

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...che Notions in number theory. Moreover a chapter (IV) is dedicated to the analysis of Smarandache Double factorial function introduced in number theo... ...euto-Smarandache-Totient harmonic series: ¥ = > 1 0 " " ) ( 1 n a number real a is a where n Zt Problem 47. Study the convergence of the series: ... ... can be made arbitrarily close to zero. Theorem 1.2.13 For any arbitrary real number 0 > e , there is some number 1 ‡ n such that e < n n Zw ) (... ...ct of distinct primes k p p p q K 2 1 = such that e < q 1 where e is any real number greater than zero. Now take a number n such that: 2 , , 2 1 2 1... ...ibuted uniformly in the interval ]0,1]. Conjecture 4.4 For any arbitrary real number 0 > e , there is some number 1 ‡ n such that e < n n Sdf ) ( L... ...W(n)=n-1 if n is repunit (that is all the digits are 1). In the following analysis we will exclude this two species of integers. With the Ubasic pro...

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...arandache neutrosophic bivector spaces. Their 6 probable applications to real-world models are discussed. We have aimed to make this book engrossi... ... is to familiarize the reader with the applications of linear bialgebra to real-world problems. Finally, we express our heart-felt thanks to Dr.... ...ct and left for the reader to prove. Here we take vector spaces only over reals i.e., real numbers. We are not interested in the study of these pr... ...y operators and normal operators. DEFINITION 1.1.2: Let F be a field of reals and V be a vector space over F. An inner product on V is a function... ...h vector α the scalar || α|| 2 . Thus we call an inner product space is a real vector space together with a specified inner product in that space. ... ...ce of type III. So this definition will help in practical problems where analysis is to take place in such set up. Now we can define Smarandache l... ...repel but remain without action or not able to predict the action for such analysis we can certainly adopt the concept of neutrosophic graphs. In ...

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... thenarmis@yahoo.com The black hole, which arises solely from an incorrect analysis of the Hilbert solution, is based upon a misunderstanding of the s... ...tion The variabler has given rise to much confusion. In the con- ventional analysis, based upon the Hilbert metric, which is almost invariably and inc... ...tivity. Insofar as the point-mass is concerned,r specifes positions on the real number line, the radial line in (M s ,g s ), not in the spacetime mani... ...d the test particle are located at the end points of an interval along the real line through r 0 and r. The distance between these points is D= r−... ...pheres, D= r−r 0 . Consequently, the domain of bothr 0 andr is the real number line. In this sense, (M s ,g s ) may be thought of as a paramet... ...distance R p ∈(M g ,g g ): the radial line in (M s ,g s ) is precisely the real number line. Therefore, the required mapping is appropriately written ... ... in any rigorous way. In (M g ,g g ) the variable r is nothing more than a real-valued parameter, of no physical signifcance, for the true radial quan... ...matter and charge requires the determination of the mappingψ. The orthodox analysis has completely failed to understand this and has consequently fail... ...nd this and has consequently failed to solve the problem. The conventional analysis simply looks at the Hilbert metric and makes the following unjusti...

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...t can be annulled this way – the consent of both parties is required. Many times we realize that we have entered a bad contract, but there is nothin... .... We can pass muster only on that which exists. When we say "this is missing" - we really mean to say: "there is something that IS NOT in this, whi... ... exists with a Platonic Idea or Form (which, according to modern thinking, does not REALLY exist). We feel that the criticism is the product not of ... ... exist, either. But why do we assign the critical act and its outcomes not to the real - but to the ideal? Because the ideal is judged to be prefe... ...itative measures, or expressed in quantitative-propositions. This is a trait of the real - never of the ideal. That which emanates from the ideal is... .... Our cognition is in charge of attaining certain kinds of mental gratification. An analysis of future values of the relief-gratification versus rep... ...s maxim from the Jewish Talmud: "Do not do unto thy friend that which you hate". An analysis of this sentence renders it less altruistic than it app... ...on his inclination and predilections). But this cold, functional, phenomenological analysis fails to capture the spirit of the creative act. Nor do... ... to yield results only decades hence. There is no effective method of cost/benefit analysis applicable to such time horizons. How are consumer cho...

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...um amount is a fair reflection of the expected loss potential. However, in reality the situation is not all that simple and not always explicable usi... ... rigorous mathematical exposition or numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis. The major part of the work attempts to build on existing, establ... ...hapter. However an alternative scenario could be that instead of buying a real put option in the options market, the payoff from a long put and long... ...l exposed to worst-case drawdown scenarios or risks of ruin even when, in reality, the actual statistical expectation of such ultra-negative scenari... ...ing as t → T. That this theorization does not satisfactorily reflect 23 reality is attributable to some kind of combined effect of overreaction of ... ...r divergence becomes unsustainable due to the extreme pressure exerted by real economic forces ‘gone out of sync’ and the gap between perceived and ... ...ropean type only but methodological extensions are possible to extend our analysis to also include American or even Bermudan options. In our ... ... to also include American or even Bermudan options. In our present analysis we will be restricted exclusively to portfolio insurance strategy ... ...d concepts from mathematical information theory can be applied in utility analysis in general and to analyzing investor utility preferences in parti...

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...ew, focusing on incumbent operators over the last three decades, and then describes their development in the last five to ten years. It also offers a real-time picture based on daily “big postal data”, revealing one of the greatest opportunities for the sector in terms of forecasting and product design....

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...ategies for the postal sector: an economic perspective José Ansón and Matthias Helble CHAPTER 1 Postal economics and statistics for strategy analysis – The long view José Ansón and Matthias Helble CHAPTER 2 Postal economics and statistics for strategy analysis – The short view Joëlle Toledano Bialot CHAPTER 3 Status of the postal service 20 years a...

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...lti-Valued Logic and Quantum Mechanics 15 2.5. Exercise 17 3 Neutrosophy 25 3.1. Introduction to Neutrosophy 25 3.2. Introduction to Non-Standard Analysis 26 3.3. Definition of Neutrosophic Components 27 3.4. Formalization 28 3.5. Evolution of an Idea 30 3.6. Definition of Neutrosophic Logic 31 3.7. Differences between Neutrosophic Logic and IFL 32 3.8. Operation...

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...ion . . . . 225 10.3.1 A system of different types of conflicts . . . 225 10.3.2 Combination on generalized frames of discernment . . . 227 10.3.3 Reallocation of belief masses of conflicts . . . 229 10.3.4 Summary of the idea of the minC combination . . . 230 10.4 Comparison . . . . . 231 10.4.1 Comparison of generalized frames of discernment . . . 231 10.4.2 Compa...