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...The study of bialgebraic structures started very recently. Till date there are no books solely dealing with bistructures. The study of bigroups was carried out in 1994-1996. Further research on bigroups and fuzzy bigroups was published...

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...arandache Bialgebraic Structures W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy Department of Mathematics Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai – 600036, I... ... Books on Demand ProQuest Information & Learning (University of Microfilm International) 300 N. Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346, Ann Arb... ...er reviewed and recommended for publication by: Dr. Andrei Kelarev, Dept. of Mathematics, Univ. of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia. Dr. M... ...ine and study are slightly different from the bistructures using category theory of Girard's classical linear logic. We do not approach the bialgebr... ...tial for our study and future reference. DEFINITION 1.1.1: A non-empty set G, is said to form a group if in G there is defined a binary operation... ... a non-commutative group. Notation: Let X = {x 1 , x 2 , … , x n }, the set of all one to one mappings of the set X to itself under the product ca... ... and several other properties about them. DEFINITION 1.1.2: A non-empty set L is said to form a loop if in L is defined a binary operation called ... ...loops, birings … , we felt it very essential to define and describe these systems and illustrate them with examples. To the best of the authors know... ...l Society, Providence, R.I., (1967). 5. BRUCK, R. H., A survey of binary systems, Springer-Verlag, (1958). 6. BRUCK, R.H, Some theorems on Moufang ...

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...The author's motivating interest the past few years has been the development and dissemination of G-dimensional theory (GDT). K. Toshihara, from Japan, proposed the concept of a paper defining G-Dimensional theory in relation to the Smarandache quantum paradoxes. After reviewing a draft, Dr. M. L. Perez, Editor of the ...

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...y Table 1A. Elliptic Parameters of S'. {θ θ θ θ = arcsin(v)} S' a b f 1 v a / b σ σ σ σ e a 1 co... ... 0 4 . G D T P a r t i c l e F i e l d s 2 0 - 3 2 5. The SQP Set in MT & GDT Comparative Physics 32-41 Bibliography ... ...be ordered in microfilm format from: Bell and Howell Co. (University of Microfilm International) 300 N. Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346, Ann A... ...31233-46-2 Standard Address Number 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America 4 G-DIMENSIONAL THEORY & THE SMARANDACHE QUANTUM... ...ol. 413, No. 6854] and Smarandache Hypothesis (FTL) are defined as a formal set of (anti-logic) statements inclusive in modern quantum theory. To de... ...false. Nevertheless it is common practice in both scientific and pure logic systems to measure the comparative validity of conflicting statements in... ...vailable recourse in determining the relative value of competing theoretical systems. Thus, the scientific paradox is a valuable source of informatio... ...atural world ―thus enabling the successful prediction of events in physical systems. The recurring patterns indicate logical causality, i.e.: it is ... ...h the Smarandache (FTL) Hypothesis, [38] as a physical logic test, the "SQP Set". The set members are restated here with the intention of enabling e...

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...In the words of Michael Laitman, "It is beyond human comprehension to understand the essence of such spiritual qualities as total altruism and love. This is for the simple reason that human beings cannot comprehend how such feelings can e...

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...It is beyond human comprehension to understand the essence of such spiritual qualities as total altruism and love. Even the existence of such feelings is beyond our comprehension; we seem to require an incentive to perform any act that does not promise us some form of personal gain. ...

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... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 The Search for the Creator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 13. The Way of Kabbalah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 The Desire To Receive Pleasure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 14. Revelation and Concealment . . . . . . . . . ....

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...24 2. Spiritual Path ........................................... 31 Providence of the Creator .................................. 34 Realizing the Crea... ... Let Kabbalah Be Your Guide ................................ 65 5. The Purpose of Studying Kabbalah ...................... 67 6. Spiritual Progress ..... ...ess ....................................... 71 Faith: Believing in the Oneness of the Creator ................. 74 7. Our Perceptions ................... ...swecontinuemovingforward.Consequently,we will get farther and farther from our set goal. Beforeoursoulsdescendintothisworld,theyareapartof theCreator,... ...ect the conflicting attitudes we face when considering our efforts to attain a set personal goal. On the one hand, we must believe that there is no on... ...siresof our hearts. What is the difference between studying Kabbalah and other systems? The answer is simple: it is only by studying Kabbalah that we ... ...cient enjoyment. Assoonasweattainwhatwehavebeenstrivingfor,we must immediately set the next goal, because what we have attained soon losesits attracti... ...monal, animal, and higher levels. Egoism extends all the way up to the highest systems of human reasoning and the subconscious, including our altruist... ...ement the Divine Supervision, and thus allow free choice in man’s actions, two systems of governing were created. Opposite each positive, pure force t...

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...Chapter 1 first introduces the interval neutrosophic sets which is an instance of neutrosophic sets. In this chapter, the definition of interval neutrosophic sets and set-theoretic operators are given and various properties of interval neutrosophic set are proved. Chapter 2 defines the interval neutroso...

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...The neutrosophic set generalizes the above mentioned sets from philosophical point of view. From scientific or engineering point of view, the neutrosophic set and set-theoretic operators need to be specified. Otherwise, it will be difficult t...

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...Preface iii 1 Interval Neutrosophic Sets 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Neutrosophic Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Interval Neutrosophic Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 Properties of Set-theoretic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.5 Convexity...

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...It was known to me his setting up in 1980’s of a new literary and artistic avant-garde movement that he called “paradoxism”, because I received some books and papers dealing with it in order to review them for the German journal “Zentralblatt fár Mathematik”. It was an...

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...Paradoxism is an avant-garde movement in literature, art, philosophy, science, based on excessive used of antitheses, antinomies, contradictions, parables, odds, paradoxes in creations....

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...A UNIFYING FIELD IN LOGICS: NEUTROSOPHIC LOGIC. NEUTROSOPHY, NEUTROSOPHIC SET, NEUTROSOPHIC PROBABILITY. (third edition) NL(A 1 I A 2 ) = ( T ... ...A UNIFYING FIELD IN LOGICS: NEUTROSOPHIC LOGIC. NEUTROSOPHY, NEUTROSOPHIC SET, NEUTROSOPHIC PROBABILITY. (third edition) NL(A 1 I A 2 ) = ( T ... ...ace by Charles T. Le: 3 0. Introduction: 9 1. Neutrosophy - a new branch of philosophy: 13 2. Neutrosophic Logic - a unifying field in logics: 87 ... ...3 2. Neutrosophic Logic - a unifying field in logics: 87 3. Neutrosophic Set - a unifying field in sets: 112 4. Neutrosophic Probability - a genera... ...nifying field in sets: 112 4. Neutrosophic Probability - a generalization of classical and imprecise probabilities - and Neutrosophic Statistics: 11... ...painter Florentin Smarandache, especially because the treated subject was of philosophy - revealing paradoxes - and logics. He had generalized the... ...lligence, neural networks, evolutionary programming, neutrosophic dynamic systems, and quantum mechanics. Especially in quantum theory there i... ...the uninterpretable; - regards, from many different angles, old concepts, systems: showing that an idea, which is true in a given referential system... ...d to make war in the peaceful ideas; - measures the stability of unstable systems, and instability of stable systems. D) Methods of Neutrosophic S...

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...As an alternative to the existing logics we propose the Neutrosophic Logic to represent a mathematical model of uncertainty, vagueness, ambiguity, imprecision, undefined, unknown, incompleteness, inconsistency, redundancy, contradiction. It is a non-classical logic. Eksioglu (1999) explains some of them: “Imprecision of the human sy...

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... Florentin Smarandache editor Proceedings of the First International Conference on Neutrosophy, Neutrosophic L... ...rst International Conference on Neutrosophy, Neutrosophic Logic, Neutrosophic Set, Neutrosophic Probability and Statistics ... ...phic Probability and Statistics University of New Mexico - Gallup 1-3 December 2001 (sec... ... (second printed edition) FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE editor PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEUTROSOPHY, NEUTROSOPHIC ... ...ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEUTROSOPHY, NEUTROSOPHIC LOGIC, NEUTROSOPHIC SET, NEUTROSOPHIC PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS ... ... First International Conference on Neutrosophy, Neutrosophic Logic, Set, Probability and Statistics December 1-3, 2001 University of... ...rets the uninterpretable; - regards, from many different angles, old concepts, systems: showing that an idea, which is true in a given referential s... ... and to make war in the peaceful ideas; - measures the stability of unstable systems, and instability of stable systems. Let's note by <A> an id... ...sical logic. Eksioglu (1999) explains some of them: “Imprecision of the human systems is due to the imperfection of knowledge that humain receives ...

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... interval, neutrosophic, etc. We survey also results which show the tree different proof-theoretic frameworks for many-valued logics, e.g. frameworks of the following deductive calculi: Hilbert ’s style, sequent, and hypersequent. Recall that hypersequents are a natural generalization of Gentzen ’s style sequents that was introduced independently by Avron and Pottinger . ...

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...1.1 Neutrality concept in logic Every point of view A tends to be neutralized, diminished, balanced by Non-A. At the same time, in between A and Non-A there are infinitely many points of view Neut-A. Let’s note by A an idea, or proposition, theory, event, concept, enti...

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...Lukasiewicz’s logics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.2 Originality of (p + 1)-valued Lukasiewicz’s logics . . . . . . . . . 30 3.3 n-valued Lukasiewicz’s calculi of Hilbert’s type . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4 Sequent calculi for n-valued Lukasiewicz’s logics . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.5 Hy...

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...nal, and published quarterly comprising 100-150 pages approx. per volume, which publishes original research papers and survey articles in all aspects of Smarandache multi-spaces, Smarandache geometries, mathematical combinatorics, non-euclidean geometry and topology and their applications to other sciences. Topics in detail to be covered are: Smarandache multi-spaces with...

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...Extending Homomorphism Theorem to Multi-Systems Abstract: The multi-laterality of WORLD implies multi-systems to be its best candidate model for ones cognition on nature, which is also included in an ancient book of China, TAO TEH KING written by Lao Zi, an ancien...

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...Contents Extending Homomorphism Theorem to Multi-Systems BY LINFAN MAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 A Double Cryptography Using the Smarandache Keedwell Cross Inverse Quasigroup BY T. G. JA´IY´EOL´A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

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...In a world of chaotic alignments, traditional logic with its strict boundaries of truth and falsity has not imbued itself with the capability of reflecting the reality. Despite various attempts to reorient logic, there has remained an e...

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...ROSOPHIC COGNITIVE MAPS XIQUAN Phoenix 2003 CARE OF THE AIDS INFECTED PERSONS CREATION OF AWARENESS ABOUT AIDS PREVENT... ...E AIDS INFECTED PERSONS CREATION OF AWARENESS ABOUT AIDS PREVENTION OF SPREAD OF AIDS EPIDEMIC MEDICAL TREATMENT OF AIDS PATIENTS SOCIAL ... ...and Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy Department of Mathematics Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Chennai – 600036, I... ...s the uninterpretable; regards, from many different angles, old concepts, systems and proves that an idea which is true in a given referential syste... ...and far-reaching consequences as a mathematical tool for modeling complex systems. Prof. Bart Kosko, the guru of fuzzy logic, introduced the Fuzzy C... ... has been explained by us, in this book, include: modeling of supervisory systems; design of hybrid models for complex systems; mobile robots and in ... ...nodes. DEFINITION 1.1.3: FCMs with edge weights or causalities from the set {–1, 0, 1} are called simple FCMs. DEFINITION 1.1.4: Consider the n... ...d output window */ } else if (label.equals("Load Sample Matrix")) { /* set the number of values to 5 */ try { dataURL=new URL ("http://members... ...r from the model. An equilibrium in the system is attained when we have a set of repeated patterns. Repeating patterns can be fixed points or limiti...

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...In the history of thought and creation, the decisive events, the great and significant moments, the strongly affirmative stages - then the imposition of the optimizing novelties - have depended on the name and prestige of a personality. R...

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...In aesthetics, the paradox means the apparent resolution of an enigmatic situation (the result of such a process is the satisfaction of a distention), the emotional moving force being the unforeseen, the unexpected (which generates and also perturbs a new tension). Therefore, the...

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...TITU POPESCU THE AESTHETICS OF PARADOXISM (second edition) American Research Press Rehoboth 2002 2... ...) American Research Press Rehoboth 2002 2 Titu Popescu THE AESTHETICS OF PARADOXISM (second edition) Translated from Romanian by P. Georgelin, ... ... ordered in microfilm format from: Bell and Howell Co. (University of Microfilm International) 300 N. Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346, Ann Arb... ...oken by nonlinear pictures, metaphoric equations of the unusual, abstract systems of thinking, one second breathings...” (Mathematical literature). ... ...al intention between “Roumanie” and “In Memoriam”). Then it follows the set of Poems in piricossanglais, (a phonematic word designating an “idiom ... ...n his spiritual biography. After The figures began to vibrate, it was not set up the stillness, but only from that moment when the inner forces were ... ...e, the philosophy is an amalgam of counterposed ideas naming antagonistic systems. With one consent and brought to the essence, the paradox develops... ...m. We are requested the awakening from the dogmatic sleep of the imposing systems and styles: to become capable to understand that there is a truth ... ...rimental novelties. Defective writings (1997) comprises a heterogeneous set of paradoxist experiences concerning the circumstantial language, or, ...

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...For most of the 20th century, both relativity and star travel fascinated this writer. The reasons Albert Einstein concluded there is an absolute barrier at the speed of light seemed at first clear, then later not so clear upon closer...

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...ceed one's grasp. Thus we reach for Alpha Centauri with a round-trip manned and womanned mission as the proposed overarching goal under a clear plan of exploration - a grand experiment described in later chapters. Whether or not we succeed in grasping the goal under this or under any plan is not as important as it is to set a definite plan and work towards its goal. The...

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...- Ch.7. The Phase One Experiment: The First Starship. 37 -- Ch.8. The Phase Two Experiment: Alpha Centauri or Bust!. 45 -- Ch.9. Voyage to the Center of the Galaxy. 50 -- Ch.10. An Hypothesis: There is no Speed Barrier in the Universe. 52 --...

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...D. 2070 Homer B. Tilton Florentin Smarandache 2 To the memory of Benjamin E. Tilton (1876-1955), a close contemporary of Albert Einstein ... ... Books on Demand ProQuest Information & Learning (University of Microfilm International) 300 N. Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346, Ann Arb... ...ovora, Romania. More science books can be downloaded from the E-Library of Science: www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/eBooks-otherformats.htm Pr... ...t and faith is often blurred. In this spirit we ask the reader to please set to one side any pre-knowledge concerning the light barrier while we e... ...ing the goal under this or under any plan is not as important as it is to set a definite plan and work towards its goal. The plan outlined here is i... ...theory of relativity - is only an appearance, there would be no permanent "set" in time. Just as a stick removed from water "unbends," so too would ... ...5 paper by W. G. V. Rosser: 1. The laws by which the states of physical systems undergo change are not affected, whether these changes of state ... ...whether these changes of state be referred to the one or the other of two systems of coordinates in uniform translatory motion. 2. Any ray of ligh... ...cenario of special relativity, and special relativity deals with inertial systems not with accelerated systems, that's why it is special; but the acc...

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...works heavily in both math and computers, I can truly appreciate the role that logic plays in our modern world. One cannot understand the foundations of mathematics while lacking knowledge of the basics of logic and how proofs are constructed. Two of the first classes I took as a graduate student in mathematics were in the foundations of mathematics, and hardly a day goes ...

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... Books on Demand ProQuest Information & Learning (University of Microfilm International) 300 N. Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346, Ann Arb... ... 3) Professor Emeritus C. Corduneanu Texas State University Department of Mathematics Arlington, Texas 76019, USA. ISBN: 1-931233-60-8 ... ...33-60-8 Standard Address Number: 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America 3 Foreword As someone who works heavily in both ma... ... International Conference on Neutrosophy, Neutrosophic Logic, Neutrosophic Set, Neutrosophic Probability and Statistics, was held at The University o... ...of Inference Section 7 Formal Reasoning Section 8 Quantification Theory Section 9 Uses of Logic In Computer Programming 7 13 14 1... ...Boolean function is a function that assigns values of true and false to a set of variables and returns a value of true or false. Definition 1.1.1:... ... The evaluation of propositions is done by applying the following simple set of rules: a) Operations in parentheses are done first with the inner... ...l logic, they do possess natural limitations. When more general reasoning systems are constructed, it is impractical or impossible to use truth tabl... ...valued logic. Fuzzy logic has found many uses in areas such as control systems, expert systems, inference engines and artificial intelligence. Ma...

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...This book was intended to discuss some paradoxes in Quantum Mechanics from the viewpoint of Multi-Valued-logic pioneered by Lukasiewicz, and a recent concept Neutrosophic Logic. Essentially, this new concept offers new insights on the idea of ‘identity’, which too often it has been accepted as given....

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...lti-Valued-logic: History and Introduction to Multi- Valued Algebra 2.1 Introduction to trivalent logic and plurivalent logic We all have heard of typical binary logic, Yes or No. Or in a famous phrase by Shakespeare: “To be or not to be.” In the same way all computer hardwares from early sixties up to this year are built upon the same binary logic. It is known t...

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...Multi-Valued Logic: History and Introduction to Multi-Valued Algebra 10 2.1. Introduction to trivalent logic and plurivalent logic 10 2.2. History of Lukasiewicz and Multi-Valued Logic 12 2.3. Introduction to Multi-Valued Algebra, Chang’s Notation 15 2.4. Linkage between Multi-Valued Logic and Quantum Mechanics 15 2.5. Exercise 17 3 Neutrosophy 25 3.1. Introduction...

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...Applications demonstrate the power of the DSmT framework. In this third Volume, DSmT is applied to the entire spectrum of the Information Fusion that would interest any reader in data, sensor, information, and mathematical fusion topics. Highlighted in Figure ...

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... I Advances on DSmT 1 Chapter 1 An introduction to DSmT 3 by J. Dezert and F. Smarandache 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Foundations of DSmT . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 The power set, hyper-power set and super-power set . . 6 1.2.2 Notion of free and hybrid DSm models . . . . 18 1.2.3 Generalized belief functions . . . . . . 20 1.2.4 The classic DSm rule...

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...Table of Contents IN THE HOTEL 8 LOOKING FOR HAPPINESS 10 WE MUST THINK MORE DEEPLY—AND UNDERSTAND OUR THINKING 20 OUR BASIC ASSUMPTIONS 24 -- THE FOUNDATIONS OF OUR VALUES -- 24 SELF-CENTEREDASSUMPTIONS 32 GODBASEDASSUMPTIONS 41 C...

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... 0 “. . . AND GULLIVER RETURNS” --In Search of Uto... ...l Motivations 1 “. . . AND GULLIVER RETURNS” --In Search of Uto... ................................................................................................................................. 17 Combinations of Nee... ...st behave anti-socially. We‘ll come back to this kind of behavior later. ―So let‘s start our look at motivation with Freud. His classic theory... ...s what much of science and most of education is all about. If we can get a better grasp of the appropriate sciences and develop an appropriate set of... ... what will happen.‖ 9 —―But doesn‘t Russell‘s thinking refute his theory... ...und toy. He inserted electrodes into the rats‘ pleasure centers then showed his rats how to trip a switch and get an electric ‗high.‘ Then he set up... ...on in a socially useful path. ―The major criticism of Adler‘s ideas is that they are not sufficiently scientific. They are more like a set of... ...ou achieve, the more optimistic you should become. ―Developing these abilities is essential in our parent education, our school system...

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...“I like the idea of mental synthesis very much ... I quite agree that language evolved in a way that facilitates synthesis and transmission of the synthesized mental image. ... I don't think there can be much doubt, purely conceptually, that ...

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...Introduction While studying the neuroscience of consciousness, I was struck with certain facts about mental imagery that seemed to shed some light on the process of the evolution of the human mind. The origin of the human mind remains one of the greatest mysteries of al...

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...Introduction 1 Part 1. Neuroscience of imagination 5 Chapter 1. Object encoding in the brain 6 Chapter 2. Neuronal synchronization 26 Chapter 3. Imagining new objects 32 Chapter 4. External manifestations of mental synthesis 39 Chapter 5. Humans versus ...

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...The fourth volume, in my book series of “Collected Papers”, includes 100 published and unpublished articles, notes, (preliminary) drafts containing just ideas to be further investigated, scientific souvenirs, scientific blogs, project proposals, small experiment...

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... can form a statistically reliable opinion based on limited clinically observed data, regarding whether an osteo-hyperplasia could actually be a case of Ewing’s osteosarcoma. The basic premise underlying our methodology is that a primary bone tumour, if it is indeed Ewing’s osteosarcoma, cannot increase in volume beyond some critical limit without showing metastasis. We pr...

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...................................14 1. First Lunar Space Base, project proposal, by V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache..15 2. On Recent Discovery of New Planetoids in the Solar System and Quantization of Celestial System, by V. Christianto, F. Smarandache..................28 3. Open and Solved Elementary Questions in Astronomy, by Florentin Smarandache.. 36 BIOLOGY.....

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...The fourth volume, in my book series of “Collected Papers”, includes 100 published and unpublished articles, notes, (preliminary) drafts containing just ideas to be further investigated, scientific souvenirs, scientific blogs, project proposals, small experiment...

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... can form a statistically reliable opinion based on limited clinically observed data, regarding whether an osteo-hyperplasia could actually be a case of Ewing’s osteosarcoma. The basic premise underlying our methodology is that a primary bone tumour, if it is indeed Ewing’s osteosarcoma, cannot increase in volume beyond some critical limit without showing metastasis. We pr...

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...................................14 1. First Lunar Space Base, project proposal, by V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache..15 2. On Recent Discovery of New Planetoids in the Solar System and Quantization of Celestial System, by V. Christianto, F. Smarandache..................28 3. Open and Solved Elementary Questions in Astronomy, by Florentin Smarandache.. 36 BIOLOGY.....