A complete understanding of what something is must include an understanding of what it is not. In his paper, “Paradoxist Mathematics” [19], Florentin Smarandache proposed a number of ways in which we could explore “new math concepts and theories, especially if they run counter to the classical ones.” In a manner consistent with his unique point of view, he defined several types of geometry that are purposefully not Euclidean and that focus on structures that the rest of us can use to enhance our understanding of geometry in general....

This is Smarandache's Russian translation from Romanian on Algebra.

Prezenta lucrare contine exercitii §i probleme de algebra, grupate pe capitole, pentru clasele superioare de licee §i §coli medii de cultura generala. Scopul ei este pregatirea matematica a elevilor din liceele de toate categoriile §i va fi utila in lucrul de sine statator. De asemenea, lucrarea poate fi folosita pentru lucrul extra§colar, deoarece cititorul va gasi in ea teoreme §i for mule importante, notiuni §i definitii de baza care nu intotdeauna sunt incluse in manualele §colare....

Teoria axiomatica a multimilor este foarte dificila pentru a fi expusa la un nivel elementar, de aceea, intuitiv, prin multime vom in1elege o colec1ie de obiecte pe care Ie vom numi elemente sau puncte ale acestei mul1imi. 0 mul1ime este definita daca sunt date elementele sale sau daca se da 0 proprietate pe care 0 au toate elementele sale, proprietate care Ie deosebe§te de elementele altei mul1imi. Ulteror mul1imile Ie vom nota cu majuscule: A, B, C, .. . , X, Y, Z, iar elementele lor cu minuscule: a, b, c, ... , x, y, z etc....

This volume contains basic mathematics (in Hawaiian). It teaches you the numbers in Hawaiian up to one hundred and also basio useful mathematics.

Ehia kahi iloko o ka 10? He 10 a me na kahi ehia iloko o ka 12? He 10 a me na kahi ehia iloko o ka 13? 14? 16? 19? 15? 18? 17? 11? Ehia na umi iloko o ka 20? iloko o ke 30? 40? 60? 80? 60? 70? 50? 90? 100? Ehia na umi a me na kahi iloko o ka 21? iloko o ka 23? 28? 26? 32? 35? 37? 44? 49? 41? 53? 57? 62? 65? 68? 71? 76? 99? 85? 87? 88? 92? 94? 99? He umi a me 1, heaha ia? 10 me 3? 10 me 7? 10 me 9? 2 umi? 2 umi me 1? 2 umi me 5? 2 umi me 7? 3 umi? 3 umi me 2? 3 umi me 8? 4 umi? me 6? 5 umi? 5 umi me 3? 5 umi me 5? 6 umi? 6 umi me 4? 7 umi? 8 umi? 8 umi me 6? 9 umi? 9 umi me 2? 9 umi me 9? 10 ka umi? E kakau oe ma na huahelu i ka papa i hookahi; i elua; a pela a hiki i ka umi. E kakau ma na huahelu i ka umikumamaha, umikumamaono, a hiki i ka iwakalua, a hiki i ke kanakolu, a ke kanaha, a ke kanalima, a ke kanaono, a hiki i ka haneri....

This volume teaches you children's basic arithmetic in Hawaiian.

No ka hana ana i keia Helu, e ahu no ke kumu i mau hua poepoe he kanaha a keu paha i mea heluia; pela no kela keiki keia keiki e ahu no lakou i na hua like. A like me ka hana ana a ke kumu, pela hoi e hana?i kela keiki keia keiki i kana mau hua iho....

Fourier, Mechanical Engineering, August, 2005, pp 30-31 (a condensation of ?Fourier?the Father of Modern Engineering?)

În perioada 24-25 aprilie 2010 s-a desfăşurat A Şasea Conferinţă Internaţională în Teoria Numerelor şi Noţiuni Smarandache la Universitatea Normală din Tianshui, China. Organizatorii conferinţei au fost prof. univ. dr. Zhang Wenpeng de la Universitatea Nordvest din Xi’an şi prof. univ. dr. Wangsheng He de la Universitatea Normală din Tianshui. Lucrările conferinţei au fost publicate într-un volum special în care se găsesc şi articole matematice despre noţiuni legate de cercetările omului de ştiinţă roman, Florentin Smarandache, precum: semigrupuri, inele neasociative, funcţii aritmetice, şi conjecturi sau probleme Smarandache etc. Cartea poate fi descărcată din site-ul. During the period 24 to 25 April 2010 was conducted Sixth International Conference on Number Theory and Smarandache Notions of Tianshui Normal University, China. Conference organizers were prof. Dr. Zhang Wenpeng together from Northwest University in Xi'an and prof. Dr. Wangsheng He Tianshui Normal University. The conference proceedings were published in a special volume that are mathematics articles about concepts and research related to Romanian scientist, Flore...

În loc de prefaţă – de Ion Pătraşcu .................................... 8 I. Pe aripile... zborului, în Dayton – Ohio! ........................ 11 . „Înaripare” spre Dayton ............................................. 12 . DWF – marele „nod aerian” ...................................... 13 . Conferinţă de... 1 Mai! ............................................... 16 . La Muzeul Naţional al Aviaţiei Militare .................... 19 . Paradoxurile Fraţilor Wright ...................................... 28 . Totuşi, cine a zburat primul? ..................................... 26 . „Nebuni” contra curentului ........................................ 28 . „Aripile de liliac” ....................................................... 30 . Bimotorul mamut ....................................................... 32 . Cu avionul priponit pe... gheaţă! ................................ 33 . Motorul cu... aer comprimat! ..................................... 34 . De la motorul cu aburi, la cel cu kerosen ................... 35 . Un inventator ciudat ................................................... 37 . Prototipul avionului uşor ........

A collection ot papers concerninq Smarandache type functions, numbers, sequences, inteqer alqoritbms, paradoxes, experimental qeometries, alqebraic structures, neutrosophic probability, set, and loqic, etc. is published this year....

Graphs and matrices play a vital role in the analysis and study of several of the real world problems which are based only on unsupervised data. The fuzzy and neutrosophic tools like fuzzy cognitive maps invented by Kosko and neutrosophic cognitive maps introduced by us help in the analysis of such real world problems and they happen to be mathematical tools which can give the hidden pattern of the problem under investigation. This book, in order to generalize the two models, has systematically invented mathematical tools like bimatrices, trimatrices, n-matrices, bigraphs, trigraphs and n-graphs and describe some of its properties. These concepts are also extended neutrosophically in this book....

"Anthology of the Paradoxist Literary Movement" is a collection of multicultural essays about the Paradoxist Literary Movement in the world, edited by Jean-Michel Levenard, Ion Rotaru, Arnold Skemer....

I left the totalitarianism and emigrated to the united states for the freedom: Therefore, don't force any literary rules on me! Or, if you do, I'll certainly encroach upon them. I'm not a poet, that's why I write poetry. I'm an anti-poet or non-poet. I thus came to America to re-build the statue of Liberty of the Verse, delivered from the tyranny of the classic and its dogma. I allowed any boldness, anti-literature and its literature flexible forms fixed, or the live face of the death! style of the non-style, poems without verse (because poems don't mean words), dumb poems with loud voice, poems without poems (because the notion of "poem" doesn't match any definition found in dictionaries or encyclopedias)-poems which exist by their absence, after-war literature: pages and pages bombed by filthiness, triteness, and non- poetically, paralinguistic verse (only!): graphics, lyrical portraits, drawings, drafts, non-words and non-sentence poems very upset free verse and trivial hermetic verse intelligible unintelligible language, unsolved and open problems of mathematics like very nice poems of the spirit-we must scientificize the art ...

Over the past 25 years, I have been immersed in research in Algebra and more particularly in ring theory. I embarked on writing this book on Smarandache rings (Srings) specially to motivate both ring theorists and Smarandache algebraists to develop and study several important and innovative properties about S-rings. Writing this book essentially involved a good deal of reference work. As a researcher, I felt that it will be a great deal better if we thrust importance on results given in research papers on ring theory rather than detail the basic properties or classical results that the standard textbooks contain. I feel that such a venture, which has consolidated several ring theoretic concepts, has made the current book a unique one from the angle of research. One of the major highlights of this book is by creating the Smarandache analogue of the various ring theoretic concepts we have succeeded in defining around 243 Smarandache concepts....

Last autumn I received a letter from a student at Arizona State University. He sent me a response to my letter to the editor in Mathematical Spectrum, including some pages of F. Smarandache's open problems. At first, I was not interested in the enclosure, for some of the problems are not so new and creative. But reading carefully, there are also some problems which stimulate the curiosity on arithmetic functions and number sequences. Then I needed almost no time to understand his talent in mathematics. I returned a letter to the student with a copy of my publication in The Mathematical Scientist and including a response where I stated that I was willing to write additional articles....

In this book the authors study dual numbers in a special way. The main aim of this book is to find rich sources of new elements g such that g2 = 0. The main sources of such new elements are from Zn, n a composite number. We give algebraic structures on them. This book is organized into six chapters. The final chapter suggests several research level problems. Fifth chapter indicates the applications of dual numbers. The forth chapter introduces the concept of interval dual numbers, we also extend it to the concept of neutrosophic and 8 fuzzy dual numbers. Higher dimensional dual numbers are defined, described and developed in chapter three. Chapter two gives means and methods to construct the new element g such that g2 = 0. The authors feel Zn (n a composite positive integer) is a rich source for getting new element, the main component of the dual number x = a + bg....

Dedication 5 Preface 7 Chapter One INTRODUCTION 9 Chapter Two DUAL NUMBERS 11 Chapter Three HIGHER DIMENSIONAL DUAL NUMBERS 55 Chapter Four DUAL INTERVAL NUMBERS AND INTERVAL DUAL NUMBERS 89 Chapter Five APPLICATION OF THESE NEW TYPES OF DUAL NUMBERS 129 Chapter Six SUGGESTED PROBLEMS 131 FURTHER READING 153 INDEX 156 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 159...

This paper is based on an article in Mathematical Spectrum, VoL 29, No 1. It concerns what happens when an operation applied to an n-digit integer results in an n digit integer. Since the number of ndigit integers is finite a repetition must occur after applying the operation a finite number of times. It was assumed in the above article that this would lead to a periodic sequence which is not always true because the process may lead to an invariant. The second problem with the initial article is that, say, 7 is considered as 07 or 007 as the case may be in order make its reverse to be 70 or 700. However, the reverse of 7 is 7. In order not to loose the beauty of these sequences the author has introduced stringent definitions to prevent the sequences from collapse when the reversal process is carried out....

A BRIEF HISTORY OF EVERYTHING: Quarks, Leptons and the Big Bang is a clear, readable and self – contained introduction to chaos of physics and related areas of science. It bridges the gap and addresses the questions that are of interest to us all or at least to all of us reading this book and lead us to study science in the first place. The book concentrates on presenting the subject from the understanding perspective of physics and brings the reader right up to date with curious aspects of physics established over the last few centuries. Necessary background information on physics is included but advanced mathematics is avoided. The book assumes science a journey not a destination and the advance of knowledge is an infinite progression towards a goal that forever recedes. This book will be of interest to students, teachers and general science readers interested in fundamental ideas of physics. ...

This book extends the natural operations defined on intervals, finite complex numbers and matrices. Secondly the authors introduce the new notion of finite complex modulo numbers just defined as for usual reals. Finally we introduced the notion of natural product Xn on matrices. This enables one to define product of two column matrices of same order. We can find also product of m*n matrices even if m not does equal n. This natural product Xn is nothing but the usual product performed on the row matrices. So we have extended this type of product to all types of matrices....

In this chapter we just give a analysis of why we need the natural operations on intervals and if we have to define natural operations existing on reals to the intervals what changes should be made in the definition of intervals. Here we redefine the structure of intervals to adopt or extend to the operations on reals to these new class of intervals....

Dedication 4 Preface 5 Chapter One INTRODUCTION 7 Chapter two EXTENSION OF NATURAL OPERATIONS TO INTERVALS 9 Chapter Three FINITE COMPLEX NUMBERS 41 Chapter Four NATURAL PRODUCT ON MATRICES 81 FURTHER READING 147 INDEX 148 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 150...

While your child will enjoy doing Gol-Gol Games, you as the parent/ teacher/ facilitator may need to figure out how to guide your child through Gol-Gol Games, or play the game with your child. This is a useful companion book to Gol-Gol Games Volume 1, designed to help you guide the child, while both of you have fun....

We are trying to use the “Socratic” method, as in asking questions and letting children think about the answers. We suggest you allow children to think and write the answers. Try not to draw either the objects or the circles for the child. Try to avoid suggesting techniques and methods of thinking. Children can develop their own ways of thinking. Less help in finding answers is a good thing for children! It makes them think. More time in finding answers is a very good thing for children! It makes them think without pressure. Read a book while the child draws. Relax....

The role of the guide Suggested solutions for words and circles Suggested solutions for adding circles

Gol-Gol Games introduces you and your parents to a game of drawing circles, a game for all ages. We try to make it interesting and fun and challenging....

Get something to draw: A board and pieces of chalk, OR Paper, pencils and erasers In this game, you have to draw circles. You have to draw circles around things of the same type. Not a purr-fect circle that your art teacher will say “wow!” to; badly twisted circles are also okay. Let's play; it will be easy to explain....

Circles around things Words and circles Adding things in circles

1. O ke Anahonua ka mea e i ike ai ke ano o na mea i hoopalahaiahaia, oia na kaha, a me na ili, a me na paa. Ekolu mau ano o na mea i hoopalahaiahaia, he loa, he laula, a he manoanoa. 2. O ke kaha ; he loa wale no ko ke kaha; aole laula, aole manoanoa. O na welau o ke kaha he mau kiko ia: nolaila, o ke kiko, aole ona loa, aole laula, aole manoanoa, aka he wahi e ku wale ai no. 3. O ke kaha pololei ka loa pokole mai kekahi kiko a i kekahi kiko. 4. O ke kaha pololei ole, a i hui ole ia na kaha pololei, he kaha poai ia Penei, AE he kaha pololei ia; AIOE he kaha hakiia oia, i huiia na kaha pololei AI, IO, OE; AUE he kahapoai ia. Ina ma keia palapala, ua loaa ka olelo kaha wale no, ua manaoia he kaha pololei....

This book has five chapters. Chapter one is introductory in nature. Fuzzy linguistic spaces are introduced in chapter two. Fuzzy linguistic vector spaces are introduced in chapter three. Chapter four introduces fuzzy linguistic models. The final chapter suggests over 100 problems and some of them are at research level....

Preface 5 Chapter One Introduction 7 Chapter Two Fuzzy Linguistic Spaces 9 Chapter Three Fuzzy Linguistic Set Vector Spaces 23 Chapter Four Fuzzy Linguistic Models 129 4.1 Operations on Fuzzy Linguistics Matrices 129 4.2 Fuzzy Linguistic Cognitive Models 139 4.3 Fuzzy Linguistic Relational Map Model 148 Chapter Five Suggested Problems 165 Further Reading 187 Index 189 About the Authors 192...