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# Arithmetical hierarchy

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### Arithmetical hierarchy

In mathematical logic, the arithmetical hierarchy, arithmetic hierarchy or Kleene–Mostowski hierarchy classifies certain sets based on the complexity of formulas that define them. Any set that receives a classification is called arithmetical.

The arithmetical hierarchy is important in recursion theory, effective descriptive set theory, and the study of formal theories such as Peano arithmetic.

The Tarski-Kuratowski algorithm provides an easy way to get an upper bound on the classifications assigned to a formula and the set it defines.

The hyperarithmetical hierarchy and the analytical hierarchy extend the arithmetical hierarchy to classify additional formulas and sets.

## Contents

• The arithmetical hierarchy of formulas 1
• The arithmetical hierarchy of sets of natural numbers 2
• Relativized arithmetical hierarchies 3
• Arithmetic reducibility and degrees 4
• The arithmetical hierarchy of subsets of Cantor and Baire space 5
• Extensions and variations 6
• Meaning of the notation 7
• Examples 8
• Properties 9
• Relation to Turing machines 10
• References 12

## The arithmetical hierarchy of formulas

The arithmetical hierarchy assigns classifications to the formulas in the language of first-order arithmetic. The classifications are denoted \Sigma^0_n and \Pi^0_n for natural numbers n (including 0). The Greek letters here are lightface symbols, which indicates that the formulas do not contain set parameters.

If a formula \phi is logically equivalent to a formula with only bounded quantifiers then \phi is assigned the classifications \Sigma^0_0 and \Pi^0_0.

The classifications \Sigma^0_n and \Pi^0_n are defined inductively for every natural number n using the following rules:

• If \phi is logically equivalent to a formula of the form \exists n_1 \exists n_2\cdots \exists n_k \psi, where \psi is \Pi^0_n, then \phi is assigned the classification \Sigma^0_{n+1}.
• If \phi is logically equivalent to a formula of the form \forall n_1 \forall n_2\cdots \forall n_k \psi, where \psi is \Sigma^0_n, then \phi is assigned the classification \Pi^0_{n+1}.

Also, a \Sigma^0_n formula is equivalent to a formula that begins with some existential quantifiers and alternates n-1 times between series of existential and universal quantifiers; while a \Pi^0_n formula is equivalent to a formula that begins with some universal quantifiers and alternates similarly.

Because every formula is equivalent to a formula in prenex normal form, every formula with no set quantifiers is assigned at least one classification. Because redundant quantifiers can be added to any formula, once a formula is assigned the classification \Sigma^0_n or \Pi^0_n it will be assigned the classifications \Sigma^0_m and \Pi^0_m for every m greater than n. The most important classification assigned to a formula is thus the one with the least n, because this is enough to determine all the other classifications.

## The arithmetical hierarchy of sets of natural numbers

A set X of natural numbers is defined by formula φ in the language of Peano arithmetic (the first-order language with symbols "0" for zero, "S" for the successor function, "+" for addition, "×" for multiplication, and "=" for equality), if the elements of X are exactly the numbers that satisfy φ. That is, for all natural numbers n,

n \in X \Leftrightarrow \mathbb{N} \models \phi(\underline n),

where \underline n is the numeral in the language of arithmetic corresponding to n. A set is definable in first order arithmetic if it is defined by some formula in the language of Peano arithmetic.

Each set X of natural numbers that is definable in first order arithmetic is assigned classifications of the form \Sigma^0_n, \Pi^0_n, and \Delta^0_n, where n is a natural number, as follows. If X is definable by a \Sigma^0_n formula then X is assigned the classification \Sigma^0_n. If X is definable by a \Pi^0_n formula then X is assigned the classification \Pi^0_n. If X is both \Sigma^0_n and \Pi^0_n then X is assigned the additional classification \Delta^0_n.

Note that it rarely makes sense to speak of \Delta^0_n formulas; the first quantifier of a formula is either existential or universal. So a \Delta^0_n set is not defined by a \Delta^0_n formula; rather, there are both \Sigma^0_n and \Pi^0_n formulas that define the set.

A parallel definition is used to define the arithmetical hierarchy on finite Cartesian powers of the natural numbers. Instead of formulas with one free variable, formulas with k free number variables are used to define the arithmetical hierarchy on sets of k-tuples of natural numbers.

## Relativized arithmetical hierarchies

Just as we can define what it means for a set X to be recursive relative to another set Y by allowing the computation defining X to consult Y as an oracle we can extend this notion to the whole arithmetic hierarchy and define what it means for X to be \Sigma^0_n, \Delta^0_n or \Pi^0_n in Y, denoted respectively \Sigma^{0,Y}_n \Delta^{0,Y}_n and \Pi^{0,Y}_n. To do so, fix a set of integers Y and add a predicate for membership in Y to the language of Peano arithmetic. We then say that X is in \Sigma^{0,Y}_n if it is defined by a \Sigma^0_n formula in this expanded language. In other words X is \Sigma^{0,Y}_n if it is defined by a \Sigma^{0}_n formula allowed to ask questions about membership in Y. Alternatively one can view the \Sigma^{0,Y}_n sets as those sets that can be built starting with sets recursive in Y and alternately taking unions and intersections of these sets up to n times.

For example let Y be a set of integers. Let X be the set of numbers divisible by an element of Y. Then X is defined by the formula \phi(n)=\exists m \exists t (Y(m)\and m\times t = n) so X is in \Sigma^{0,Y}_1 (actually it is in \Delta^{0,Y}_0 as well since we could bound both quantifiers by n).

## Arithmetic reducibility and degrees

Arithmetical reducibility is an intermediate notion between Turing reducibility and hyperarithmetic reducibility.

A set is arithmetical (also arithmetic and arithmetically definable) if it is defined by some formula in the language of Peano arithmetic. Equivalently X is arithmetical if X is \Sigma^0_n or \Pi^0_n for some integer n. A set X is arithmetical in a set Y, denoted X \leq_A Y, if X is definable a some formula in the language of Peano arithmetic extended by a predicate for membership in Y. Equivalently, X is arithmetical in Y if X is in \Sigma^{0,Y}_n or \Pi^{0,Y}_n for some integer n. A synonym for X \leq_A Yis: X is arithmetically reducible to Y.

The relation X \leq_A Y is reflexive and transitive, and thus the relation \equiv_A defined by the rule

X \equiv_A Y \Leftrightarrow X \leq_A Y \and Y \leq_A X

is an equivalence relation. The equivalence classes of this relation are called the arithmetic degrees; they are partially ordered under \leq_A.

## The arithmetical hierarchy of subsets of Cantor and Baire space

The Cantor space, denoted 2^{\omega}, is the set of all infinite sequences of 0s and 1s; the Baire space, denoted \omega^{\omega} or \mathcal{N}, is the set of all infinite sequences of natural numbers. Note that elements of the Cantor space can be identified with sets of integers and elements of the Baire space with functions from integers to integers.

The ordinary axiomatization of second-order arithmetic uses a set-based language in which the set quantifiers can naturally be viewed as quantifying over Cantor space. A subset of Cantor space is assigned the classification \Sigma^0_n if it is definable by a \Sigma^0_n formula. The set is assigned the classification \Pi^0_n if it is definable by a \Pi^0_n formula. If the set is both \Sigma^0_n and \Pi^0_n then it is given the additional classification \Delta^0_n. For example let O\subset 2^{\omega} be the set of all infinite binary strings which aren't all 0 (or equivalently the set of all non-empty sets of integers). As O=\{ X\in 2^\omega | \exists n (X(n)=1) \} we see that O is defined by a \Sigma^0_1 formula and hence is a \Sigma^0_1 set.

Note that while both the elements of the Cantor space (regarded as sets of integers) and subsets of the Cantor space are classified in arithmetic hierarchies, these are not the same hierarchy. In fact the relationship between the two hierarchies is interesting and non-trivial. For instance the \Pi^0_n elements of the Cantor space are not (in general) the same as the elements X of the Cantor space so that \{X\} is a \Pi^0_n subset of the Cantor space. However, many interesting results relate the two hierarchies.

There are two ways that a subset of Baire space can be classified in the arithmetical hierarchy.

• A subset of Baire space has a corresponding subset of Cantor space under the map that takes each function from \omega to \omega to the characteristic function of its graph. A subset of Baire space is given the classification \Sigma^1_n, \Pi^1_n, or \Delta^1_n if and only if the corresponding subset of Cantor space has the same classification.
• An equivalent definition of the analytical hierarchy on Baire space is given by defining the analytical hierarchy of formulas using a functional version of second-order arithmetic; then the analytical hierarchy on subsets of Cantor space can be defined from the hierarchy on Baire space. This alternate definition gives exactly the same classifications as the first definition.

A parallel definition is used to define the arithmetical hierarchy on finite Cartesian powers of Baire space or Cantor space, using formulas with several free variables. The arithmetical hierarchy can be defined on any effective Polish space; the definition is particularly simple for Cantor space and Baire space because they fit with the language of ordinary second-order arithmetic.

Note that we can also define the arithmetic hierarchy of subsets of the Cantor and Baire spaces relative to some set of integers. In fact boldface \bold{\Sigma}^0_n is just the union of \Sigma^{0,Y}_n for all sets of integers Y. Note that the boldface hierarchy is just the standard hierarchy of Borel sets.

## Extensions and variations

It is possible to define the arithmetical hierarchy of formulas using a language extended with a function symbol for each primitive recursive function. This variation slightly changes the classification of some sets.

A more semantic variation of the hierarchy can be defined on all finitary relations on the natural numbers; the following definition is used. Every computable relation is defined to be \Sigma^0_0 and \Pi^0_0. The classifications \Sigma^0_n and \Pi^0_n are defined inductively with the following rules.

• If the relation R(n_1,\ldots,n_l,m_1,\ldots, m_k)\, is \Sigma^0_n then the relation S(n_1,\ldots, n_l) = \forall m_1\cdots \forall m_k R(n_1,\ldots,n_l,m_1,\ldots,m_k) is defined to be \Pi^0_{n+1}
• If the relation R(n_1,\ldots,n_l,m_1,\ldots, m_k)\, is \Pi^0_n then the relation S(n_1,\ldots,n_l) = \exists m_1\cdots \exists m_k R(n_1,\ldots,n_l,m_1,\ldots,m_k) is defined to be \Sigma^0_{n+1}

This variation slightly changes the classification of some sets. It can be extended to cover finitary relations on the natural numbers, Baire space, and Cantor space.

## Meaning of the notation

The following meanings can be attached to the notation for the arithmetical hierarchy on formulas.

The subscript n in the symbols \Sigma^0_n and \Pi^0_n indicates the number of alternations of blocks of universal and existential number quantifiers that are used in a formula. Moreover, the outermost block is existential in \Sigma^0_n formulas and universal in \Pi^0_n formulas.

The superscript 0 in the symbols \Sigma^0_n, \Pi^0_n, and \Delta^0_n indicates the type of the objects being quantified over. Type 0 objects are natural numbers, and objects of type i+1 are functions that map the set of objects of type i to the natural numbers. Quantification over higher type objects, such as functions from natural numbers to natural numbers, is described by a superscript greater than 0, as in the analytical hierarchy. The superscript 0 indicates quantifiers over numbers, the superscript 1 would indicate quantification over functions from numbers to numbers (type 1 objects), the superscript 2 would correspond to quantification over functions that take a type 1 object and return a number, and so on.

## Examples

• The \Sigma^0_1 sets of numbers are those definable by a formula of the form \exists n_1 \cdots \exists n_k \psi(n_1,\ldots,n_k,m) where \psi has only bounded quantifiers. These are exactly the recursively enumerable sets.
• The set of natural numbers that are indices for Turing machines that compute total functions is \Pi^0_2. Intuitively, an index e falls into this set if and only if for every m "there is an s such that the Turing machine with index e halts on input m after s steps”. A complete proof would show that the property displayed in quotes in the previous sentence is definable in the language of Peano arithmetic by a \Sigma^0_1 formula.
• Every \Sigma^0_1 subset of Baire space or Cantor space is an open set in the usual topology on the space. Moreover, for any such set there is a computable enumeration of Gödel numbers of basic open sets whose union is the original set. For this reason, \Sigma^0_1 sets are sometimes called effectively open. Similarly, every \Pi^0_1 set is closed and the \Pi^0_1 sets are sometimes called effectively closed.
• Every arithmetical subset of Cantor space or Baire space is a Borel set. The lightface Borel hierarchy extends the arithmetical hierarchy to include additional Borel sets. For example, every \Pi^0_2 subset of Cantor or Baire space is a G_\delta set (that is, a set which equals the intersection of countably many open sets). Moreover, each of these open sets is \Sigma^0_1 and the list of Gödel numbers of these open sets has a computable enumeration. If \phi(X,n,m) is a \Sigma^0_0 formula with a free set variable X and free number variables n,m then the \Pi^0_2 set \{X \mid \forall n \exists m \phi(X,n,m)\} is the intersection of the \Sigma^0_1 sets of the form \{ X \mid \exists m \phi(X,n,m)\} as n ranges over the set of natural numbers.

## Properties

The following properties hold for the arithmetical hierarchy of sets of natural numbers and the arithmetical hierarchy of subsets of Cantor or Baire space.

• The collections \Pi^0_n and \Sigma^0_n are closed under finite unions and finite intersections of their respective elements.
• A set is \Sigma^0_n if and only if its complement is \Pi^0_n. A set is \Delta^0_n if and only if the set is both \Sigma^0_n and \Pi^0_n, in which case its complement will also be \Delta^0_n.
• The inclusions \Delta^0_n \subsetneq \Pi^0_n and \Delta^0_n \subsetneq \Sigma^0_n hold for n \geq 1.
• The inclusions \Pi^0_n \subsetneq \Pi^0_{n+1} and \Sigma^0_n \subsetneq \Sigma^0_{n+1} hold for all n and the inclusion \Sigma^0_n \cup \Pi^0_n \subsetneq \Delta^0_{n+1} holds for n \geq 1. Thus the hierarchy does not collapse.

## Relation to Turing machines

The Turing computable sets of natural numbers are exactly the sets at level \Delta^0_1 of the arithmetical hierarchy. The recursively enumerable sets are exactly the sets at level \Sigma^0_1.

No oracle machine is capable of solving its own halting problem (a variation of Turing's proof applies). The halting problem for a \Delta^{0,Y}_n oracle in fact sits in \Sigma^{0,Y}_{n+1}.

Post's theorem establishes a close connection between the arithmetical hierarchy of sets of natural numbers and the Turing degrees. In particular, it establishes the following facts for all n ≥ 1:

• The set \emptyset^{(n)} (the nth Turing jump of the empty set) is many-one complete in \Sigma^0_n.
• The set \mathbb{N} \setminus \emptyset^{(n)} is many-one complete in \Pi^0_n.
• The set \emptyset^{(n-1)} is Turing complete in \Delta^0_n.

The polynomial hierarchy is a "feasible resource-bounded" version of the arithmetical hierarchy in which polynomial length bounds are placed on the numbers involved (or, equivalently, polynomial time bounds are placed on the Turing machines involved). It gives a finer classification of some sets of natural numbers that are at level \Delta^0_1 of the arithmetical hierarchy.

## References

• Japaridze, Giorgie (1994), "The logic of arithmetical hierarchy", Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 66 (2): 89–112, .
• .
• Nies, André (2009), Computability and randomness, Oxford Logic Guides 51, Oxford: Oxford University Press, .
• Rogers, H., jr (1967), Theory of recursive functions and effective computability, Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill, .
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